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- Title
Natural esters as sustainable alternating dielectric liquids for transformer insulation system: analyzing the state of the art.
- Authors
Rafiq, Muhammad; Shafique, Muhammad; Ateeq, Muhammad; Zink, Markus; Targitay, Deniz
- Abstract
The remarkable development in high-voltage direct current and high-voltage alternating current transmission systems calls for a renewed assessment of dielectric liquids for insulation systems of transformers. The function of liquid insulation used in high-voltage equipment is cooling and insulation. It should have several features like high dielectric strength, low viscosity, high flash point, very low moisture or water content, high specific resistance and many more. Petroleum-dependent synthetic and mineral oil has been conventionally applied as dielectric fluids in transformers during previous some decades that disturbs the environment on account of their low biodegradability and low fire point which have persuaded the exploration of substitutes. The application of alternate insulating fluids is increasing gradually, with safety and environmental apprehensions at the lead of the grounds for shifting from mineral oil. Esters-based dielectric fluids have been used in dielectric industry for roughly four decades, with synthetic esters having initially been proposed to replace harmful polychlorinated biphenyls or PCBs in late 1970s. Ester-based liquids found applications in distribution transformers without any significant design modifications in standard mineral oil designs, although could not be applied at high-voltage levels. From this finding, dielectric society and manufacturers have boarded on a search for an evident insight of the elementary differences between esters and mineral oil and how to adapt designs to allow the application of esters at high-voltage levels. Synthetic and natural esters have been exposed to research for years vis-a'-vis mineral oil around the globe. Even though several investigators are in favor of ester liquids use in high-voltage equipment, manufacturers and utilities are yet averse, and use of these alternative fluids stays a challenge. This paper will present an analysis of the published research results during the past few decades from various researchers, emphasizing the variations in dielectric performance between esters and mineral oil. This knowledge transfer is timely as it presents challenges and prospective attributes that would be considered further to enhance the accessible information of ester dielectric fluids for application in transformers.
- Subjects
LIQUID dielectrics; TRANSFORMER insulation; POLYCHLORINATED biphenyls; DIELECTRIC strength; ESTERS; MINERAL oils
- Publication
Clean Technologies & Environmental Policy, 2024, Vol 26, Issue 3, p623
- ISSN
1618-954X
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s10098-023-02688-9