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- Title
The Power of Activism: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF NGOs ON GLOBAL BUSINESS.
- Authors
Spar, Debora L.; La Mure, Lane T.
- Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed the proliferation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the emergence of activism across a wide variety of issue areas. On topics ranging from human rights to labor conditions, NGOs and activists represent an increasingly important constituency in a firm's non-market environment. This article explores the different ways in which firms manage NGO pressure, noting instances of preemption, capitulation, and resistance. The article considers three case studies--Unocal, Nike, and Novartis--and evaluates a series of hypotheses about the economic and non-economic factors that drive variation in firms' responses to NGO activism.
- Subjects
ACTIVISM; NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations; UNOCAL Corp.; NIKE Inc.; BRAND image; NOVARTIS AG; INTERNATIONAL trade; CAPITULATIONS; TRANSACTION costs; MANAGEMENT science; DECISION making; INTERNATIONAL business enterprises
- Publication
California Management Review, 2003, Vol 45, Issue 3, p78
- ISSN
0008-1256
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.2307/41166177