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- Title
Detection of hop stunt viroid variants from naturally infected kumquat and limequat trees in Mazandaran Province, Iran.
- Authors
Zeitooni, Hasan; Hashemian, Seyed Mehdi Bani; Shams-Bakhsh, Masoud
- Abstract
Viroids are important citrus pathogens, and cachexia disease is caused by pathogenic variants, CVd-IIb and CVd-IIc, of hop stunt viroid (HSVd). In September 2020, 96 samples of kumquat (Citrus japonica) and limequat (C. japonica x C. aurantifolia) trees showing suspected symptoms were collected in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Biological indexing was performed under greenhouse conditions using scion obtained from 19 selected samples on 'Etrog' citron Arizona 861-S-1 (Citrus medica) and Parson's Special Mandarin (C. reticulata), both grafted on rough lemon (C. jambhiri), as a common indicator plant for citrus viroids and specific indicator of cachexia, respectively. Twelve months after inoculation, Parson's gum accumulation at the bud union was seen in only two isolates, while symptoms of viroid infection, including petiole bending, epinasty, twisting, and yellowing of the leaf tip were observed in all 'Etrog' citron plants inoculated with tissues from the trees with cachexia symptoms. Total RNA extraction followed by one-step RT-PCR and DNA sequencing showed that a pathogenic variant (CVd-IIb) was present in all of the sequenced isolates from symptomatic kumquat and limequat trees. Asymptomatic limequat trees were free of HSVd infection, while non-pathogenic variants, CVd-IIa, were found in asymptomatic and symptomatic kumquat trees. The phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates K0S2 and K2C34 were located in the CVd-IIa group, while isolates K1H5, K2S4, K2C28, K3S1, and L3Sa13 grouped in the CVd-IIb group. In addition to HSVd, citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd) and citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) infections were confirmed in several kumquat trees. The relationship between cachexia symptoms, HSVd variants, and mixed infection is discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of HSVd infection of limequats in the world and of kumquats in Iran.
- Subjects
IRAN; ARIZONA; LEMON; MIXED infections; TREES; PLANT indicators; LEAF anatomy; CACHEXIA
- Publication
Journal of Plant Pathology, 2023, Vol 105, Issue 2, p545
- ISSN
1125-4653
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s42161-023-01347-8