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- Title
A Critical Review of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Opioid Medications Used in Avian Patients.
- Authors
Aliansyah, Evelyn; Chng, Hui Ting; Xie, Shangzhe
- Abstract
Simple Summary: In administering opioid medications for a particular species of bird, doses are usually extrapolated from other species of birds. This is unideal as differences in the physiology of birds, even among closely related species, may affect drug action and disposition, and hence the efficacy and safety of drugs used. We collated opioid dosing regimens used in birds from the literature and evaluated their efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic data. Tramadol, hydromorphone, buprenorphine, butorphanol and fentanyl were found to be generally safe. However, there was a lack of analgesic effects for hydromorphone and buprenorphine in Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) appeared to exhibit sex-dependent responses to opioids. Differences in the bioavailability of oral tramadol was seen between Hispaniolan Parrot (Amazona ventralis) and Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Opioid drugs are used to manage moderate to severe pain in mammals and avian species. In dosing opioids for a particular species, it is optimal to use dosing regimens based on pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics studies conducted in the same species as variability in the physiology among different species may result in differences in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Unfortunately, dosing regimens are typically extrapolated from closely related avian species or even mammals, which is unideal. Therefore, this critical review aims to collate and evaluate the dosing regimens of selected opioids: tramadol, hydromorphone, buprenorphine, butorphanol, and fentanyl, in avian species and its related safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic data. Our review found specific dosing regimens not described in the Exotic Animal Formulary for tramadol used in Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) and Hispaniolan Parrot (Amazona ventralis); hydromorphone used in Orange-winged Parrot (Amazona amazonica); buprenorphine used in Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) and Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus); and butorphanol used in Hispaniolan Parrot (Amazona ventralis), Broiler Chicken and Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus). Cockatiel appeared to not experience analgesic effects for hydromorphone and buprenorphine, and American Kestrel exhibited sex-dependent responses to opioids. The selected opioids were observed to be generally safe, with adverse effects being dose-dependent.
- Subjects
ORANGE SA; OPIOIDS; PEAFOWL; PHARMACOKINETICS; PHARMACODYNAMICS; BALD eagle; FENTANYL
- Publication
Birds (2673-6004), 2022, Vol 3, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
2673-6004
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/birds3010001