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- Title
Do Current Fortification and Supplementation Programs Assure Adequate Intake of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Belgian Infants, Toddlers, Pregnant Women, and Lactating Women?
- Authors
Moyersoen, Isabelle; Lachat, Carl; Cuypers, Koenraad; De Ridder, Karin; Devleesschauwer, Brecht; Tafforeau, Jean; Vandevijvere, Stefanie; Vansteenland, Margot; De Meulenaer, Bruno; Van Camp, John; Van Oyen, Herman
- Abstract
Adequate intakes of fat-soluble vitamins are essential to support the growth and development of the foetus, the neonate, and the young child. By means of an online self-administered frequency questionnaire, this study aimed to evaluate the intake of vitamins A, D, E, and K in Belgian infants (n = 455), toddlers (n = 265), pregnant women (n = 161), and lactating women (n = 165). The contribution of foods, fortified foods, and supplements on the total intake was quantified. 5% of toddlers, 16% of pregnant women, and 35% of lactating women had an inadequate vitamin A intake. Conversely, excessive vitamin A intakes were associated with consumption of liver (products). Furthermore, 22% of infants were at risk for inadequate vitamin D intake due to the lack of prophylaxis, while consumption of highly dosed supplements posed a risk for excessive intakes in 6%-26% of infants. Vitamin D intake in pregnant women and lactating women was inadequate (median of 51%, respectively, 60% of the adequate intake). In all groups, the risk for inadequate intake of vitamin E and K was low. Contribution of fortified foods to vitamin A, D, E, and K intake was minor, except in toddlers. National fortification strategies should be investigated as an alternative or additional strategy to prevent vitamin D and A deficiency. There is a need to revise and set uniform supplement recommendations. Finally, non-users of vitamin D prophylaxis need to be identified for targeted treatment.
- Subjects
BELGIUM; VITAMIN deficiency; ENRICHED foods; DIETARY supplements; FOOD relief; INGESTION; LACTATION; LIVER; PREGNANT women; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN E; VITAMIN K; PREVENTION
- Publication
Nutrients, 2018, Vol 10, Issue 2, p223
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu10020223