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- Title
Carbohydrates from Sources with a Higher Glycemic Index during Adolescence: Is Evening Rather than Morning Intake Relevant for Risk Markers of Type 2 Diabetes in Young Adulthood?
- Authors
Diederichs, Tanja; Roßbach, Sarah; Nöthlings, Ute; Alexy, Ute; Buyken, Anette E.; Herder, Christian; Roden, Michael; Wudy, Stefan A.
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) of morning or evening intake and morning or evening carbohydrate intake from low- or higher-GI food sources (low-GI-CHO, higher-GI-CHO) during adolescence are relevant for risk markers of type 2 diabetes in young adulthood. Methods: Analyses included DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study participants who had provided at least two 3-day weighed dietary records (median: 7 records) during adolescence and one blood sample in young adulthood. Using multivariable linear regression analyses, estimated morning and evening GI, GL, low-GI-CHO (GI < 55) and higher-GI-CHO (GI ≥ 55) were related to insulin sensitivity (N = 252), hepatic steatosis index (HSI), fatty liver index (FLI) (both N = 253), and a pro-inflammatory-score (N = 249). Results: Morning intakes during adolescence were not associated with any of the adult risk markers. A higher evening GI during adolescence was related to an increased HSI in young adulthood (p = 0.003). A higher consumption of higher-GI-CHO in the evening was associated with lower insulin sensitivity (p = 0.046) and an increased HSI (p = 0.006), while a higher evening intake of low-GI-CHO was related to a lower HSI (p = 0.009). Evening intakes were not related to FLI or the pro-inflammatory-score (all p > 0.1). Conclusion: Avoidance of large amounts of carbohydrates from higher-GI sources in the evening should be considered in preventive strategies to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood.
- Subjects
BIRTH size; BODY composition; FATTY liver; CARBOHYDRATE content of food; GLYCEMIC index; GRAIN; INSULIN resistance; MULTIVARIATE analysis; TYPE 2 diabetes; REGRESSION analysis; DESCRIPTIVE statistics
- Publication
Nutrients, 2017, Vol 9, Issue 6, p591
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu9060591