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- Title
SAND TREATMENT PROCEDURES FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND BEACH SAND QUALITY.
- Authors
Almeida, Mário Dias; Sousa, Sónia; Rebelo, João Sebastião; Vales, Lucília; Schifferegger, Katrin; Almeida, Cristina Maria Martins
- Abstract
Sand contamination is an important factor when assessing the health hazard potential of public beaches. The goals of this study are to assess the performance of four sand washing procedures on the removal of surface adsorbed chemical species, and to identify which chemical components are best suited for monitoring the health quality of beach sand. Four washing treatments were investigated: contact, stirring, sonication, and boiling. Sand samples were collected from three Portuguese beaches and the wash water analysed. The observed variables were specified in two main groups: 1) physicochemical parameters comprising sulphates, pH, and conductivity; and 2) pollution indicators including nitrogen and phosphorous chemistries, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and oxidability. The Group I measurements did not exhibit significant differences with sand treatment (p=0.89), but there were differences in the Group II measurements due to the higher COD and oxidability values (p<0.01). The best extraction yield was obtained with sonication. In terms of a suitable health quality marker, neither group exhibited significant variation with beach location or sampling period of year. Individually, however, several chemical parameters were found to be significant on the basis of sampling period (p < 0.01) and beach location (p < 0.001). The COD and oxidability values were also found to vary significantly on the basis of sampling period (p < 0.01 and p< 0.001, respectively). COD was determined to the best sand quality indicator.
- Subjects
SAND; MINERAL aggregates; BEACHES; NANOPARTICLES; NANOSTRUCTURED materials; WATER quality
- Publication
Environmental Engineering & Management Journal (EEMJ), 2019, Vol 18, Issue 1, p171
- ISSN
1582-9596
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.30638/eemj.2019.017