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- Title
İngiltere -- Amerika -- Osmanlı Hattında Lancaster Öğretim Sistemi.
- Authors
Aksu, Ayşe
- Abstract
Lancasterian educational method was used to provide a good training widespreadly for poor children in England and North America. In the early 19th century the system was discovered by Dr. Andrew Bell, who Scottish clergyman, while he was in charge of an orphanage of untouchable children in colonial Madras, India. He has named this system "mutual instruction", and introduced in his An Experiment in Education. Joseph Lancaster, one of the young teachers of Borough School in London, has developed Bell System, and named "monitorial system", but it was called Lancasterian Method commonly. His Improvements in Education as It Respect the Industrious Classes of the Community described this method in detail, including his efforts to encourage and train his best students to become schoolmasters. Lancastrian system, in which more advanced students taught less advanced ones, enabling a small number of adult masters to educate large numbers of students at low cost in basic and often advanced skills. The aim was to provide qualified employees to the field of industry in virtue of necessaty. Lancasterian schools, has been applied to Ottoman Empire by American missionaries. But they used this school system to teach reading fastly for body that they would be Evangelizated. When William Goodell's missionary task has been transplanted from Beirut to Istanbul on the part of American Board, he has begun exercised it in Greek schools, in 1831. His cause of appointment was being a missionary for Armenians, and he decided to open Lancasterian schools for them. But they were inadequate for such schools. The Greek community, however, has been made acquaintanced with this system, and it has came into used some regions where lived Greeks, since early 19th century. Thus it was easy to find apparatus, schoolbooks and reading cards prepared in Greek. Mr. Goodell has established total four Lancasterian school in Büyükdere, Ortaköy, Yeniköy and Beyoğlu in 1831. Yet, Greek clergymen has opposed to missionaries for reason to be grafted to student in these schools. American missionaries, in that case, has canalised to open Lancasterian schools for Armenians. As stated above, the Armenians has not familiar to this method. So, the first step was to preparing books that identified Lancasterian system, and apparatus and reading cards in Armenian. At this stage their assistants were Senekerim Der Minasyan ve Hohannes Der Sahakyan, who native Protestant, and teachers in a Armenian school. The first, has became headmaster a Lancaster school in Pera; the later in Bursa. The Armenians has appropriated this sytem any more in comparison with Greeks; so that, when the Armenian clergymen inaugurated excommunicating and anathemas in 1836s, they has'nt back down / abandoned from Protestantism and their schools. Already at this turbulent era Greeks has complainted missionaries to Sublime Porte on the school system. But this appeal has conduced the Ottoman officials toward made acquainted with Lancasterian system. Mekteb-i Harbiye (Turkish Military Academy), and its Sıbyan Bölükleri (Sibyan companies) just then has been established. Ahmed Fevzi Paşa who responsible for founding Sıbyan Bölükleri, and Binbaşı Azmi Bey has gone to American Lancasterian school at Arnavutköy. They have decided to use this system in Ottoman military schools, and offered cooparation with American missionaries. Azmi Bey was so interested in this method that he has gone to England to investigate in site by the aid of missionaries in 1835. Besides him, Mehmed Namık Paşa, in charge of Selimiye Kışlası, and Serasker Mehmed Hüsrev Paşa has efforted to adapt it to military schools too. A Greek teacher, and an Armenian teacher Kyrios Paniyotes has been tasked with adaptation the system into Turkish. They also have prepared schoolbooks, reading cards etc. in Turkish. In this way, according to reports of missionaries, seven Lancasterian schools established in Mekteb-i Harbiye. The number of military Muslim students, who were avarage age 12-20 were 700 in October 1833, 2000 in March 1834. American missionaries visited occasionally these school himself, and found them very successful. This system that have been praised both Ottoman authorities and military officials, abolished to use after Selim Satı Paşa's appointment to reform in Mekteb-i Harbiye in 1836. As a result, it is a common fact that the modernization at the Ottoman military schools played a pioneer role in the modernization process of Ottomon educational institutions. Lancasterian education method derived from the West was exerted effectively at the initial phase of Mekteb-i Harbiye which is established by using Western educational methods. In our local sources, even in Mir'at-ı Mekteb-i Harbiyye that source text about this matter and Ottoman records, there may be found rudimentary knowledge about the Lancasterian system without citing its name and mentioning the contribution of American missionary. Yet, this subject matter is set forth in all of its aspects in the missionary reports in Missionary Herald. The purpose of this article is to display, on the basis of missionary reports, both the place of Lancasterian system at the Ottoman military foundations and the corporation of the Ottoman officials with the American missionaries especially at the stage of introducing this system. In this article, missionary reports will be handled as a main texts and local sources will be placed as footnotes. Thanks to all of this above mentioned, in this article we endeavour to bring out evidently the reflection of this subject in the foreign literature about this system.
- Subjects
ENGLAND; TURKEY; MONITORIAL system of education; POOR children; AMERICAN schools abroad; GOODELL, William; CLERGY; OTTOMAN Empire; EDUCATION
- Publication
Journal of Values Education, 2008, Vol 6, Issue 16, p29
- ISSN
1303-880X
- Publication type
Article