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- Title
Efficacy and Safety of Intranasal Esketamine Adjunctive to Oral Antidepressant Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
- Authors
Daly, Ella J.; Singh, Jaskaran B.; Fedgchin, Maggie; Cooper, Kimberly; Lim, Pilar; Shelton, Richard C.; Thase, Michael E.; Winokur, Andrew; Van Nueten, Luc; Manji, Husseini; Drevets, Wayne C.
- Abstract
<bold>Importance: </bold>Approximately one-third of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) do not respond to available antidepressants.<bold>Objective: </bold>To assess the efficacy, safety, and dose-response of intranasal esketamine hydrochloride in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD).<bold>Design, Setting, and Participants: </bold>This phase 2, double-blind, doubly randomized, delayed-start, placebo-controlled study was conducted in multiple outpatient referral centers from January 28, 2014, to September 25, 2015. The study consisted of 4 phases: (1) screening, (2) double-blind treatment (days 1-15), composed of two 1-week periods, (3) optional open-label treatment (days 15-74), and (4) posttreatment follow-up (8 weeks). One hundred twenty-six adults with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of MDD and history of inadequate response to 2 or more antidepressants (ie, TRD) were screened, 67 were randomized, and 60 completed both double-blind periods. Intent-to-treat analysis was used in evaluation of the findings.<bold>Interventions: </bold>In period 1, participants were randomized (3:1:1:1) to placebo (n = 33), esketamine 28 mg (n = 11), 56 mg (n = 11), or 84 mg (n = 12) twice weekly. In period 2, 28 placebo-treated participants with moderate-to-severe symptoms were rerandomized (1:1:1:1) to 1 of the 4 treatment arms; those with mild symptoms continued receiving placebo. Participants continued their existing antidepressant treatment during the study. During the open-label phase, dosing frequency was reduced from twice weekly to weekly, and then to every 2 weeks.<bold>Main Outcomes and Measures: </bold>The primary efficacy end point was change from baseline to day 8 (each period) in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score.<bold>Results: </bold>Sixty-seven participants (38 women, mean [SD] age, 44.7 [10.0] years) were included in the efficacy and safety analyses. Change (least squares mean [SE] difference vs placebo) in MADRS total score (both periods combined) in all 3 esketamine groups was superior to placebo (esketamine 28 mg: -4.2 [2.09], P = .02; 56 mg: -6.3 [2.07], P = .001; 84 mg: -9.0 [2.13], P < .001), with a significant ascending dose-response relationship (P < .001). Improvement in depressive symptoms appeared to be sustained (-7.2 [1.84]) despite reduced dosing frequency in the open-label phase. Three of 56 (5%) esketamine-treated participants during the double-blind phase vs none receiving placebo and 1 of 57 participants (2%) during the open-label phase had adverse events that led to study discontinuation (1 event each of syncope, headache, dissociative syndrome, and ectopic pregnancy).<bold>Conclusions and Relevance: </bold>In this first clinical study to date of intranasal esketamine for TRD, antidepressant effect was rapid in onset and dose related. Response appeared to persist for more than 2 months with a lower dosing frequency. Results support further investigation in larger trials.<bold>Trial Registration: </bold>clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01998958.
- Subjects
MENTAL depression; THERAPEUTICS; ANTIDEPRESSANTS; DEPRESSION in women; PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of antidepressants; DIAGNOSIS of mental depression; PLACEBOS; DRUG side effects; THERAPEUTIC complications
- Publication
JAMA Psychiatry, 2018, Vol 75, Issue 2, p139
- ISSN
2168-622X
- Publication type
journal article
- DOI
10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3739