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- Title
Plasma But Not Cerebrospinal Fluid Interleukin 7 and Interleukin 5 Levels Pre-Antiretroviral Therapy Commencement Predict Cryptococcosis-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome.
- Authors
Akilimali, Ngomu Akeem; Chang, Christina C.; Muema, Daniel M.; Reddy, Tarylee; Moosa, Mahomed-Yunus S.; Lewin, Sharon R.; French, Martyn A.; Ndung'u, Thumbi
- Abstract
Background. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM) frequently experience clinical deterioration, known as cryptococcosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (C-IRIS), upon initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The immunological mechanisms underlying C-IRIS are incompletely defined and no reliable predictive biomarkers exist. We investigated whether plasma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of cytokines and chemokines predicted C-IRIS and are potential predictive biomarkers. Methods. Patients with CM who experienced C-IRIS (N = 27) upon ART initiation were compared to CD4+ T-cell count-matched patients without C-IRIS (N = 27). Plasma and CSF collected pre-ART were assayed for cytokines and chemokines using a 17-plex Luminex kit or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cox proportional hazards regression and principal component analyses were also performed. Results. Plasma interleukin (IL) 2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-17, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-a levels were higher in C-IRIS patients compared to controls (all P < .05), with IL-5 and IL-7 significant after Bonferroni-Holm correction. In multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression, high IL-5 (hazard ratio [HR], 5.76 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .77-43.0]; P = .088) and IL-7 (HR, 9.30 [95% CI, 1.96-44.0]; P = .005) were predictive of C-IRIS. Plasma IL-5 (P = .0008) and IL-10 (P = .0089) were lower in those who achieved CSF cryptococcal culture negativity compared to those with positive cultures pre-ART. There were no significant differences in CSF cytokine or chemokine levels between cases and controls. Conclusions. High plasma IL-5 and IL-7 levels pre-ART were associated with increased risk of developing C-IRIS. High IL-5 levels may reflect a Th2 environment associated with impaired clearance of cryptococci while high IL-7 levels may reflect IL-7/IL-7R pathway dysfunction in T cells, both of which could be associated with C-IRIS immunopathogenesis.
- Subjects
BIOMARKERS; CELL culture; CHEMOKINES; CONFIDENCE intervals; CYTOKINES; ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay; FACTOR analysis; INTERFERONS; INTERLEUKINS; MULTIVARIATE analysis; REGRESSION analysis; STATISTICS; T cells; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; TUMOR necrosis factors; DATA analysis; PROPORTIONAL hazards models; ODDS ratio; DISEASE complications; IMMUNE reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE risk factors
- Publication
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2017, Vol 65, Issue 9, p1551
- ISSN
1058-4838
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1093/cid/cix598