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- Title
Worsening of the Toxic Effects of (±) Cis -4,4′-DMAR Following Its Co-Administration with (±) Trans -4,4′-DMAR: Neuro-Behavioural, Physiological, Immunohistochemical and Metabolic Studies in Mice.
- Authors
Tirri, Micaela; Frisoni, Paolo; Bilel, Sabrine; Arfè, Raffaella; Trapella, Claudio; Fantinati, Anna; Corli, Giorgia; Marchetti, Beatrice; De-Giorgio, Fabio; Camuto, Cristian; Mazzarino, Monica; Gaudio, Rosa Maria; Serpelloni, Giovanni; Schifano, Fabrizio; Botrè, Francesco; Marti, Matteo
- Abstract
4,4'-Dimethylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR) is a new synthetic stimulant, and only a little information has been made available so far regarding its pharmaco-toxicological effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the systemic administration of both the single (±)cis (0.1–60 mg/kg) and (±)trans (30 and 60 mg/kg) stereoisomers and their co-administration (e.g., (±)cis at 1, 10 or 60 mg/kg + (±)trans at 30 mg/kg) in mice. Moreover, we investigated the effect of 4,4′-DMAR on the expression of markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress (8-OHdG, iNOS, NT and NOX2), apoptosis (Smac/DIABLO and NF-κB), and heat shock proteins (HSP27, HSP70, HSP90) in the cerebral cortex. Our study demonstrated that the (±)cis stereoisomer dose-dependently induced psychomotor agitation, sweating, salivation, hyperthermia, stimulated aggression, convulsions and death. Conversely, the (±)trans stereoisomer was ineffective whilst the stereoisomers' co-administration resulted in a worsening of the toxic (±)cis stereoisomer effects. This trend of responses was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis on the cortex. Finally, we investigated the potentially toxic effects of stereoisomer co-administration by studying urinary excretion. The excretion study showed that the (±)trans stereoisomer reduced the metabolism of the (±)cis form and increased its amount in the urine, possibly reflecting its increased plasma levels and, therefore, the worsening of its toxicity.
- Subjects
TOXICITY testing; HEAT shock proteins; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; CEREBRAL cortex; MICE; SALIVATION
- Publication
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, Vol 22, Issue 16, p8771
- ISSN
1661-6596
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/ijms22168771