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- Title
Commentary: Considering Nasal Vaccine as an Ultimate Tool to Control Future Coronavirus Pandemics.
- Authors
Zaw Htet Tun; Nang Thinn Thinn Htike; Chaw Kyi-Tha-Thu; Wing-Hin Lee
- Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed the requirement of strong mucosal immunity in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, when facing fatal Betacoronaviruses. The traditional intramuscular (IM) vaccines have induced the strong systemic immune response, but the effectiveness of airway immunity against the coronaviruses may not be the optimal response in this setting if compared to the convalescent SARS CoV-2 cases. An additional essential thing to consider is the viral entry route. The coronaviruses enter through the airway and reach to the systemic. Therefore, efficient viral containment at the respiratory tracts is the best way to prevent further viral induced clinical manifestations. These facts call attention to give vaccine by nasal route instead of IM injection. Several pre-clinical studies have proved the reliability of nasal vaccine induced adaptive immune response. Heterologous prime boosting with intranasal spike protein after intramuscular vaccination is an effective way to establish the tissue resident memory T cells (TRMs) and active B cell response in the lungs. Interestingly, recent study of non-S antigens based nasal vaccine has highlighted the essential of viral specific CD8 T cell response; viral clearance by T cells happens independently of the neutralizing antibodies. In other words, it means the viral specific T cell response is enough to control the coronaviruses in the airway, without requirement of the humoral immunity. These promising current data of nasal vaccines are solely based on non-human primates. Human data are urgently needed. There are some obstacles of the safe usage of nasal vaccine such as vaccination site nearby the central nervous system, and vaccine clearance by airway cilia before it reaches to the lungs. Nevertheless, pursuing an ideal nasal vaccine is indeed the necessity for an efficient manipulation of adaptive immune cells in the airways and lungs.
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic; SARS-CoV-2; IMMUNOLOGIC memory; T cells; VACCINES
- Publication
Malaysian Journal of Medicine & Health Sciences, 2024, Vol 20, p50
- ISSN
1675-8544
- Publication type
Article