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- Title
Plasmodium falciparum liver stage antigen-1 is cross-linked by tissue transglutaminase.
- Authors
Nicoll, William S.; Sacci, John B.; Rodolfo, Carlo; Di Giacomo, Giuseppina; Piacentini, Mauro; Holland, Zoe J. M.; Doerig, Christian; Hollingdale, Michael R.; Lanar, David E.
- Abstract
Background: Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites injected by mosquitoes into the blood rapidly enter liver hepatocytes and undergo pre-erythrocytic developmental schizogony forming tens of thousands of merozoites per hepatocyte. Shortly after hepatocyte invasion, the parasite starts to produce Liver Stage Antigen-1 (LSA-1), which accumulates within the parasitophorous vacuole surrounding the mass of developing merozoites. The LSA-1 protein has been described as a flocculent mass, but its role in parasite development has not been determined. Methods: Recombinant N-terminal, C-terminal or a construct containing both the N- and C- terminal regions flanking two 17 amino acid residue central repeat sequences (LSA-NRC) were subjected to in vitro modification by tissue transglutaminase-2 (TG2) to determine if cross-linking occurred. In addition, tissue sections of P. falciparuminfected human hepatocytes were probed with monoclonal antibodies to the isopeptide ϵ-(g-glutamyl)lysine crossbridge formed by TG2 enzymatic activity to determine if these antibodies co-localized with antibodies to LSA-1 in the growing liver schizonts. Results: This study identified a substrate motif for (TG2) and a putative casein kinase 2 phosphorylation site within the central repeat region of LSA-1. The function of TG2 is the post-translational modification of proteins by the formation of a unique isopeptide ϵ-(g-glutamyl)lysine cross-bridge between glutamine and lysine residues. When recombinant LSA-1 protein was crosslinked in vitro by purified TG2 in a calcium dependent reaction, a flocculent mass of protein was formed that was highly resistant to degradation. The cross-linking was not detectably affected by phosphorylation with plasmodial CK2 in vitro. Monoclonal antibodies specific to the very unique TG2 catalyzed ϵ- lysine cross-bridge co-localized with antibodies to LSA-1 in infected human hepatocytes providing visual evidence that LSA-1 was cross-linked in vivo. Conclusions: While the role of LSA-1 is still unknown these results suggest that it becomes highly cross-linked which may aid in the protection of the parasite as it develops.
- Subjects
PLASMODIUM falciparum; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL antibodies; PROTEIN synthesis; LIVER cells
- Publication
Malaria Journal, 2011, Vol 10, Issue 1, p14
- ISSN
1475-2875
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1186/1475-2875-10-14