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- Title
Aspects of Area Deprivation Index in Relation to Hippocampal Volume Among Children.
- Authors
Ku, Benson S.; Aberizk, Katrina; Feurer, Cope; Yuan, Qingyue; Druss, Benjamin G.; Jeste, Dilip V.; Walker, Elaine F.
- Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigates the association of area deprivation index measures with bilateral hippocampal volume in children and assesses whether these associations vary by school and family environment. Key Points: Question: Which aspects of the area deprivation index are associated with hippocampal volume in children? Findings: This cross-sectional study of 10 114 children found an inverse association between neighborhood-level single-parent households and right hippocampal volume, which was moderated by a self-reported positive school environment. Meaning: These findings suggest that school environment may have a moderating interaction in the association of neighborhood single-parent households with hippocampal development in children. Importance: Area deprivation index (ADI) has been shown to be associated with reduced hippocampal volume (HV) among youths. The social environment may interact with the association between ADI and HV. Objective: To investigate which aspects of ADI are uniquely associated with bilateral HV and whether school and family environments have moderating interactions in associations between ADI and HV. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Participants aged 9 and 10 years were recruited from 21 sites in the US between September 2016 and August 2018. Data analysis was performed between March 2023 and April 2024. Exposures: ADI aspects were derived from participant primary home addresses provided by parents or guardians. Main Outcomes and Measures: HV was automatically segmented from structural brain images ascertained from magnetic resonance imaging. Multiple generalized linear mixed modeling tested associations between 9 indices of ADI and bilateral HV, with family groups and recruitment sites as random effects. After stepwise backward selection, models were adjusted for individual-level covariates, including age, sex, race and ethnicity, parental education, household income, and estimated intracranial volume. Results: This study included 10 114 participants aged 9 and 10 years (median [IQR] age, 9.92 [9.33-10.48] years; 5294 male [52.3%]; 200 Asian [2.0%], 1411 Black [14.0%], and 6655 White [65.8%]; 1959 Hispanic [19.4%]). After stepwise backward selection and adjusting for covariates, only the percentage of neighborhood-level single-parent households was associated with right HV (adjusted β per 1-SD increase in single-parent households, −0.03; 95% CI, −0.06 to −0.01; P =.01). School environment interacted with neighborhood-level single-parent households in its association with right HV (adjusted β per 1-SD increase in score, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.03; P =.003), such that there was an inverse association only among those at a school with the mean environment score (adjusted β per 1% increase in single-parent households, −0.03; 95% CI, −0.05 to −0.01; P =.02) and worse (−1 SD score) school environment score (adjusted β per 1% increase in single-parent households, −0.05; 95% CI, −0.09 to −0.01; P <.001) but not among those at better (+1 SD score) school environments. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, an increased percentage of neighborhood-level single-parent households was associated with reduced right HV among children in schools with the mean or worse but not better environment score. These findings suggest that longitudinal research concerning the association of neighborhood-level characteristics and school environments with hippocampal development may be warranted to better understand complex interactions between various social factors and child neurodevelopment and mental health outcomes.
- Subjects
UNITED States; SCHOOL environment; CROSS-sectional method; STATISTICAL models; SELF-evaluation; RESEARCH funding; QUESTIONNAIRES; PARENT-child relationships; FAMILIES; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; ECONOMIC status; PARENTING; SOCIAL context; HIPPOCAMPUS (Brain); CONFIDENCE intervals; DATA analysis software; SOCIAL isolation; NEIGHBORHOOD characteristics; EDUCATIONAL attainment; CHILDREN
- Publication
JAMA Network Open, 2024, Vol 7, Issue 6, pe2416484
- ISSN
2574-3805
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.16484