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- Title
The aquatic fern Azolla as a natural plant-factory for ammonia removal from fish-breeding fresh wastewater.
- Authors
Carlozzi, Pietro; Padovani, Giulia
- Abstract
This study has investigated the potential of an Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis, a marriage between the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae and the aquatic fern ( Azolla), to remove ammonia from freshwater fish breeding areas. Experiments were carried out under artificial light of 20, 70, and 140 μmol m s. We investigated three different water temperatures for the growing Azolla, ranging from sub-optimal to optimal temperatures (15, 22, and 28 °C). The capability of Azolla to remove ammonia from wastewater was demonstrated, and the highest ammonia concentration tolerated by the symbiosis between Azolla-anabaena without any toxic effect on the aquatic ferns was ascertained. The shortest time taken to remove ammonia from wastes, 2.5 cm deep and at 28 °C, was 40 min. The ammonia removal rate ( A) was both light and temperature dependent and the highest rate (6.394 h) was attained at light intensity of 140 μmol m s and at a temperature of 28 °C; the lowest (0.947 h) was achieved at 20 μmol m s and 15 °C. The depth of the fish-wastewater pool also affected the A with the relation between A and the depth being a hyperbolic function.
- Subjects
AZOLLA; WATER ferns; AQUATIC plants; SEWAGE; AMMONIA; BIOREMEDIATION
- Publication
Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 2016, Vol 23, Issue 9, p8749
- ISSN
0944-1344
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s11356-016-6120-8