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- Title
Multivariate, Transgenerational Associations of the COVID-19 Pandemic Across Minoritized and Marginalized Communities.
- Authors
Yip, Sarah W.; Jordan, Ayana; Kohler, Robert J.; Holmes, Avram; Bzdok, Danilo
- Abstract
This cohort study identifies baseline predictors of COVID-19 pandemic experiences, as defined by both child and parent report, using data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development cohort. Key Points: Question: What baseline pre–COVID-19 pandemic household factors are associated with COVID-19 experiences as reported by approximately 10 000 children and their parents? Findings: In this study of 9267 youth-parent dyads, of more than 17 000 variables, social determinants of inequity, including household income and family structure, emerged as the primary correlates of negative COVID-19 experiences, including increased difficulties with school among children and concerns over racism associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among parents. Meaning: Community-level, transgenerational intervention strategies may be needed to combat the disproportionate burden of pandemics on minoritized and marginalized racial and ethnic populations. Importance: The experienced consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have diverged across individuals, families, and communities, resulting in inequity within a host of factors. There is a gap of quantitative evidence about the transgenerational impacts of these experiences and factors. Objective: To identify baseline predictors of COVID-19 experiences, as defined by child and parent report, using a multivariate pattern-learning framework from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort. Design, Setting, and Participants: ABCD is an ongoing prospective longitudinal study of child and adolescent development in the United States including 11 875 youths, enrolled at age 9 to 10 years. Using nationally collected longitudinal profiling data from 9267 families, a multivariate pattern-learning strategy was developed to identify factor combinations associated with transgenerational costs of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. ABCD data (release 3.0) collected from 2016 to 2020 and released between 2019 and 2021 were analyzed in combination with ABCD COVID-19 rapid response data from the first 3 collection points (May-August 2020). Exposures: Social distancing and other response measures imposed by COVID-19, including school closures and shutdown of many childhood recreational activities. Main Outcomes and Measures: Mid–COVID-19 experiences as defined by the ABCD's parent and child COVID-19 assessments. Results: Deep profiles from 9267 youth (5681 female [47.8%]; mean [SD] age, 119.0 [7.5] months) and their caregivers were quantitatively examined. Enabled by a pattern-learning analysis, social determinants of inequity, including family structure, socioeconomic status, and the experience of racism, were found to be primarily associated with transgenerational impacts of COVID-19, above and beyond other candidate predictors such as preexisting medical or psychiatric conditions. Pooling information across more than 17 000 baseline pre–COVID-19 family indicators and more than 280 measures of day-to-day COVID-19 experiences, non-White (ie, families who reported being Asian, Black, Hispanic, other, or a combination of those choices) and/or Spanish-speaking families were found to have decreased resources (mode 1, canonical vector weight [CVW] = 0.19; rank 5 of 281), escalated likelihoods of financial worry (mode 1, CVW = −0.20; rank 4), and food insecurity (mode 1, CVW = 0.21; rank 2), yet were more likely to have parent-child discussions regarding COVID-19–associated health and prevention issues, such as handwashing (mode 1, CVW = 0.14; rank 9), conserving food or other items (mode 1, CVW = 0.21; rank 1), protecting elderly individuals (mode 1, CVW = 0.11; rank 21), and isolating from others (mode 1, CVW = 0.11; rank 23). In contrast, White families (mode 1, CVW = −0.07; rank 3), those with higher pre–COVID-19 income (mode 1, CVW = −0.07; rank 5), and presence of a parent with a postgraduate degree (mode 1, CVW = −0.06; rank 14) experienced reduced COVID-19–associated impact. In turn, children from families experiencing reduced COVID-19 impacts reported longer nighttime sleep durations (mode 1, CVW = 0.13; rank 14), less difficulties with remote learning (mode 2, CVW = 0.14; rank 7), and decreased worry about the impact of COVID-19 on their family's financial stability (mode 1, CVW = 0.134; rank 13). Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this study indicate that community-level, transgenerational intervention strategies may be needed to combat the disproportionate burden of pandemics on minoritized and marginalized racial and ethnic populations.
- Publication
JAMA Psychiatry, 2022, Vol 79, Issue 4, p350
- ISSN
2168-622X
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.4331