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- Title
Ultrasound Imaging of the Facial Muscles and Relevance with Botulinum Toxin Injections: A Pictorial Essay and Narrative Review.
- Authors
Wu, Wei-Ting; Chang, Ke-Vin; Chang, Hsiang-Chi; Chen, Lan-Rong; Kuan, Chen-Hsiang; Kao, Jung-Ting; Wei, Ling-Ying; Chen, Yunn-Jy; Han, Der-Sheng; Özçakar, Levent
- Abstract
High-resolution ultrasound is preferred as the first-line imaging modality for evaluation of superficial soft tissues, such as the facial muscles. In contrast to magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, which require specifically designated planes (axial, coronal and sagittal) for imaging, the ultrasound transducer can be navigated based on the alignment of facial muscles. Botulinum toxin injections are widely used in facial cosmetic procedures in recent times. Ultrasonography is recognized as a useful tool for pre-procedure localization of target muscles. In this pictorial review, we discuss the detailed sonoanatomy of facial muscles and their clinical relevance, particularly with regard to botulinum toxin injections. Furthermore, we have summarized the findings of clinical studies that report ultrasonographic imaging of facial muscles.
- Subjects
FACIAL muscles; ULTRASONIC imaging; BOTULINUM toxin; BOTULINUM A toxins; INJECTIONS; MAGNETIC resonance imaging; COMPUTED tomography
- Publication
Toxins, 2022, Vol 14, Issue 2, pN.PAG
- ISSN
2072-6651
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/toxins14020101