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- Title
Recent Trends in S. aureus and E. coli -Based Endometritis, and the Therapeutic Evaluation of Sodium Alginate-Based Antibiotics and Nanoparticles.
- Authors
Talib, Muzammil; Nabeel, Muhammad Ashir; Haq, Shahbaz Ul; Waqas, Muhammad Salman; Jamil, Huma; Aqib, Amjad Islam; Muneer, Afshan; Fouad, Dalia; Ataya, Farid Shokry
- Abstract
Postpartum infection of the uterus by pathogenic bacteria is exacerbated due to a lack of sufficient epidemiological studies and evidence-based therapeutics. Therefore, this study was planned to find the prevalence, risk factors, and drug-resistance profile of S. aureus and E. coli isolated from bovine endometritis and to evaluate the antibacterial potential of sodium alginate-based antibiotics and nanoparticles. The study revealed 34.21% S. aureus and 31.57% E. coli, whereas most of the assumed risk factors presented significant association in this study. S. aureus showed the highest resistance against fusidic acid (60%) and cefoxitin (50%), while the highest resistance in E. coli was found against fusidic acid (60%), gentamicin (60%), chloramphenicol (50%), and cefoxitin (50%). Tylosin coupled with MgO nanoparticles stabilized in sodium alginate gel (Tylo + MgO + gel) presented significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. coli, showing 13.88 ± 4.51 µg/mL after 24 h incubation. On the other hand, gel-based preparations showed MIC as 31.25 ± 0 µg/mL (Tylo + gel + MgO) and 26.04 ± 9.02 µg/mL (Tylo + Gel) against S. aureus. Generally, the MICs of non-gel-based preparations were significantly higher against bacteria except ampicillin against S. aureus in this study. The toxicity analysis of MgO nanoparticles presented 20–80% mortality of snails against a wider range of 0.01 mg/mL–10 mg/mL. The histopathological parameters concluded MgO nanoparticles safe to use on off targets. The current study thus concludes the rise in antimicrobial resistance while the gel-based products appearing as effective antimicrobials with sufficient safety margins for off-targets. The study thus invites further investigation for the development of suitable and affordable modified therapeutics for better health and production of animals.
- Subjects
SODIUM alginate; NANOMEDICINE; ENDOMETRITIS; PUERPERAL disorders; DRUG resistance in bacteria
- Publication
Gels (2310-2861), 2023, Vol 9, Issue 12, p955
- ISSN
2310-2861
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/gels9120955