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- Title
Changes in Experiences With Discrimination Across Pregnancy and Postpartum: Age Differences and Consequences for Mental Health.
- Authors
Rosenthal, Lisa; Earnshaw, Valerie A.; Lewis, Tené T.; Reid, Allecia E.; Lewis, Jessica B.; Stasko, Emily C.; Tobin, Jonathan N.; Ickovics, Jeannette R.
- Abstract
Objectives. We aimed to contribute to growing research and theory suggesting the importance of examining patterns of change over time and critical life periods to fully understand the effects of discrimination on health, with a focus on the period of pregnancy and postpartum and mental health outcomes. Methods. We used hierarchical linear modeling to examine changes across pregnancy and postpartum in everyday discrimination and the resulting consequences for mental health among predominantly Black and Latina, socioeconomically disadvantaged young women who were receiving prenatal care in New York City. Results. Patterns of change in experiences with discrimination varied according to age. Among the youngest participants, discrimination increased from the second to third trimesters and then decreased to lower than the baseline level by 1 year postpartum; among the oldest participants, discrimination decreased from the second trimester to 6 months postpartum and then returned to the baseline level by 1 year postpartum. Within-subjects changes in discrimination over time predicted changes in depressive and anxiety symptoms at subsequent points. Discrimination more strongly predicted anxiety symptoms among participants reporting food insecurity. Conclusions. Our results support a life course approach to understanding the impact of experiences with discrimination on health and when to intervene.
- Subjects
NEW York (State); PUBLIC health; WOMEN; AGE distribution; ANALYSIS of variance; ANXIETY; BEHAVIOR modification; BLACK people; CLUSTER analysis (Statistics); CONFIDENCE intervals; STATISTICAL correlation; MENTAL depression; DISCRIMINATION (Sociology); HISPANIC Americans; INTERVIEWING; LONGITUDINAL method; MATERNAL health services; EVALUATION of medical care; POSTNATAL care; PREGNANCY; DURATION of pregnancy; PSYCHOLOGICAL tests; REGRESSION analysis; RESEARCH funding; STATISTICS; TIME; CITY dwellers; SECONDARY analysis; SOCIOECONOMIC factors; PREDICTIVE validity; REPEATED measures design; FOOD security; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; ODDS ratio
- Publication
American Journal of Public Health, 2015, Vol 105, Issue 4, p686
- ISSN
0090-0036
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.2105/AJPH.2014.301906