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- Title
Fathead Minnows, Pimephales promelas, Learn to Recognize Chemical Alarm Cues of Introduced Brook Stickleback, Culaea inconstans.
- Authors
Pollock, Michael S.; Chivers, Douglas P.; Mirza, Reehan S.; Wisenden, Brian D.
- Abstract
In four experiments conducted over a 6-year period, we investigated whether fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, could acquire the ability to recognize chemical alarm cues of introduced brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans. A laboratory experiment documented that stickleback-naïve minnows did not exhibit an anti-predator response when exposed to the chemical alarm cues of stickleback. In a laboratory experiment conducted 5 years after the introduction of stickleback to the pond, minnows exhibited an antipredator response to stickleback cues. Moreover, in a field experiment the minnows exhibited avoidance of areas labelled with stickleback alarm cues. Minnows raised from eggs taken from the test pond did not exhibit an anti-predator response to stickleback cues while minnows from the test pond that had experience with stickleback cues did respond to stickleback cues. Our results provide clear evidence that cross-species responses to chemical alarm cues of fishes can be learned. Learned recognition of alarm cues has important implications for predator/prey interactions.
- Subjects
FATHEAD minnow; PIMEPHALES; FISHES; PREDATION; PARASITISM; CULAEA
- Publication
Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2003, Vol 66, Issue 4, p313
- ISSN
0378-1909
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1023/A:1023905824660