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- Title
Formation and crystallization of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanostructures on various surfaces.
- Authors
Jaffari, Ghulam Hassnain; Hussain, Tanvir; Iqbal, Asad Muhammad; Abbas, Yawar
- Abstract
A comparative study of the synthesis of TiO2 nanorods on fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) glass, Si, SiO2, Si/Ta, Si/TiN, Si/TiN/Ti and Si/HFO2 substrates by hydrothermal reaction is presented. Detailed analysis on the growth of TiO2 on pre‐annealed Si/TiN/Ti and HfO2 (HFO) surfaces is also given. For Si/TiN/Ti, a pre‐annealing procedure led to the transformation of Ti to a TiO2 layer which acts as a seed for aligned growth of TiO2 nanorods. In contrast, Si/HFO does not provide a nucleation site for the formation of aligned nanorods. Various samples were prepared by varying the synthesis conditions, i.e. pre‐ and post‐annealing temperatures and hydrothermal reaction time to figure out the optimum conditions which lead to unidirectional and highly aligned nanorods. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to study structural, morphological and optical properties of synthesized samples. It is found that TiO2 nanorods exhibit a rutile phase on the Si/Ti/TiN and Si/HFO substrates, but highly oriented vertical growth of nanorods has been observed only on pre‐annealed Si/TiN/Ti substrates. On the other hand, TiO2 nanorods form dandelion‐like structures on Si/HFO substrates. Growth of vertically oriented TiO2 nanorods on Si/TiN/Ti is attributed to the TiO2 seed layer which forms after the process of pre‐annealing of substrates at a suitable temperature. Variation in hydrothermal reaction time and post‐annealing temperature brings further improvement in crystallinity and morphology of nanorods. This work shows that the pre‐annealed Si/TiN/Ti substrate is the optimal choice to achieve vertically oriented, highly aligned TiO2 nanorods.
- Subjects
NANORODS; RAMAN spectroscopy; NANOROD synthesis; ULTRAVIOLET-visible spectroscopy; TIN oxides; SCANNING electron microscopy; HYDROTHERMAL synthesis
- Publication
Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering & Materials, 2022, Vol 78, Issue 4, p593
- ISSN
2052-5192
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1107/S2052520622005042