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- Title
A comprehensive review about immune responses and exhaustion during coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
- Authors
Mohammed, Rebar N.; Tamjidifar, Rozita; Rahman, Heshu Sulaiman; Adili, Ali; Ghoreishizadeh, Shadi; Saeedi, Hossein; Thangavelu, Lakshmi; Shomali, Navid; Aslaminabad, Ramin; Marofi, Faroogh; Tahavvori, Mina; Danishna, Svetlana; Akbari, Morteza; Ercan, Gülinnaz
- Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a viral infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The infection was reported in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019 and has become a major global concern due to severe respiratory infections and high transmission rates. Evidence suggests that the strong interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and patients' immune systems leads to various clinical symptoms of COVID-19. Although the adaptive immune responses are essential for eliminating SARS-CoV-2, the innate immune system may, in some cases, cause the infection to progress. The cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in adaptive immune responses demonstrated functional exhaustion through upregulation of exhaustion markers. In this regard, humoral immune responses play an essential role in combat SARS-CoV-2 because SARS-CoV-2 restricts antigen presentation through downregulation of MHC class I and II molecules that lead to the inhibition of T cell-mediated immune response responses. This review summarizes the exact pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the alteration of the immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, we've explained the exhaustion of the immune system during SARS-CoV-2 and the potential immunomodulation approach to overcome this phenomenon. CRcdWpzXTULgCdP5UJSY-h Video Abstract
- Subjects
WUHAN (China); COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; IMMUNE response; CYTOTOXIC T cells
- Publication
Cell Communication & Signaling, 2022, Vol 20, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
1478-811X
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1186/s12964-022-00856-w