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- Title
Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Extraction of Carotenoids (Astaxanthin, Adonirubin, and Adonixanthin) from Paracoccus carotinifaciens: Improved Z‐Isomer Ratio and Recovery of Carotenoids via High‐Temperature Extraction.
- Authors
Honda, Masaki; Murakami, Kazuya; Osawa, Yukiko; Kawashima, Yuki; Wasai, Masafumi; Hirasawa, Kazuaki; Kuroda, Ikuo
- Abstract
The effects of high‐temperature supercritical CO2 (SC‐CO2) extraction on Z‐isomerization and recovery of carotenoids (astaxanthin, adonirubin, and adonixanthin) from Paracoccus carotinifaciens are investigated. The high‐temperature extraction, especially at >100 °C, not only increases the total Z‐isomer ratio of carotenoids in the resulting extracts but also improves carotenoid recovery. For example, when the SC‐CO2 extraction is performed at 60 °C and 30 MPa with an entrainer (ethanol), the total Z‐isomer ratio and the recovery of astaxanthin are 11.1% and 28.4%, respectively, whereas at 120 °C, the values increase to 54.2 and 56.4%, respectively. The significant improvement in the extraction efficiency of carotenoids at high temperatures can be attributed to the increase in the ratio of carotenoid Z‐isomers with high solubility in SC‐CO2. Moreover, the effects of extraction pressure and entrainer content on Z‐isomerization and recovery of carotenoids are also investigated. The results show that higher pressure and ethanol content resulted in lower Z‐isomer ratios and higher recoveries of carotenoids. As the Z‐isomers of carotenoids have greater bioavailability and potentially exhibit superior biological activities than the all‐E‐isomers, high value‐added carotenoids, and higher yield can be simultaneously achieved with high‐temperature extraction. Practical applications: As carotenoid extraction is usually performed using toxic organic solvents, residual solvents are a serious concern. In addition, naturally occurring carotenoids (mainly the all‐E‐isomers) have low bioavailability. These are important issues that need to be overcome for the industrial use of carotenoids. The Z‐isomer‐rich carotenoids obtained by SC‐CO2 extraction under high‐temperature conditions have great potential to solve these issues simultaneously.
- Subjects
ASTAXANTHIN; CAROTENOIDS; ORGANIC solvents; HIGH temperatures
- Publication
European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology, 2022, Vol 124, Issue 7, p1
- ISSN
1438-7697
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1002/ejlt.202200021