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- Title
Anal cancer.
- Authors
Marinache, Georgeta; Crăciun, Luminița; Orzata, Raluca
- Abstract
Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant cells develop in the tissues from the anal region. Anus is the terminal part of the large intestine, after the rectum, where faeces are removed from the body. The risk factors for cancer are: age over 50 years, human papillomavirus infection, multiple sexual partners, practicing anal sex, frequent anal erythema, inflammation and pruritus, anal fistulae, smoking. Possible signs of anal cancer are bleeding from the anus or rectum or the presence of a swelling near the anus. Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to find and diagnose anal cancer. The following procedures can be used: objective examination and patient history, the digital rectal examination, anoscopy, proctoscopy, ultrasound, biopsy. Once anal cancer has been diagnosed, tests are carried out to determine whether the cancer cells have spread beyond the anus or to other parts of the body. This process is called staging. Staging can be done using the following methods: computerized tomography, chest radiography, endoanal ultrasound. Treatment. Patients with anal cancer have several treatment options. Some are standard treatments and others are just in the trial stage in clinical studies. Before starting the treatment, the patient can think if he wants to be part of such a trial. The treatment used in the clinical trials is actually a study aimed at improving current treatments or obtaining information for new treatments. Radiotherapy. Radiation therapy is a way to treat cancer using high energy X-rays or other types of rays to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is a way to treat cancer using drugs that stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells, or by stopping cells division. Surgery. There are several types of interventions: a) the local resection; b) the abdominal pelvic resection. Other treatments. The infection with the human papillomavirus can influence the treatment of anal cancer. The condition of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus that already have a deficient immune system is even more aggravated by the treatments used in cancer, so HIV patients who also have anal cancer are treated with lower chemotherapy and radiotherapy doses than patients without HIV.
- Subjects
ANAL cancer; CANCER risk factors; HEMORRHAGE; DIAGNOSIS
- Publication
Oncolog-Hematolog, 2017, Issue 39, p58
- ISSN
2066-8716
- Publication type
Abstract