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- Title
TEM and LM assessment of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails' immunotoxicity as a bio-monitor for water pollution by cuprous oxide nanoparticles and copper sulphate.
- Authors
Zayed, Khaled; Shaldoum, Fayez M.
- Abstract
The snail hemolymph is a multi-component mixture comprising various substances with immunological activity that can respond to environmental changes. In previous work that has been done by us, obvious genotoxic effects of cuprous oxide nanoparticles (CuNPs) were shown on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. In this research, the role of B. alexandrina snails as a bio-monitor for the detection of water pollution with copper was emphasized. Immunotoxic effect of CuNPs was compared with the effect of dissolved Cu2+ ions of copper sulphate (CuSO4) on the hemocytes of the snails. In this investigation CuNPs were more toxic than CuSO4 to B. alexandrina snails. The toxicity focuses on the destroying of exposed hemocytes that are involved in the snail's immune response, especially in the biomineralization process. The three defined types of hemocytes: small undifferentiated cells, granulocytes, and hyalinocytes were all affected. Changes in the affected hemocytes as seen under the light microscope included: vacuoles, plenty of granules, an irregular cell membrane, two nuclei (incomplete cell division), some with no nuclei but the presence of nucleus region, and a shrunken nucleus. Whereas changes in the affected hemocytes as seen under the electron microscope included: a large nucleus, cytoplasmic extensions, vacuoles, phagolysosomes, granules, a degenerated outer cell membrane, organelles that were difficult to be identify, irregular nuclear membrane, and the nucleus being shrunk. The present result confirms the molluscicide activity of CuNPs and Cu2+ free ions on B. alexandrina snails with focus on the effectiveness of nanoparticles that have the strongest effect on hemocytes and emphasizing the efficiency of B. alexandrina snails in the aquatic ecosystem as biomonitor for water pollution.
- Subjects
COPPER sulfate; WATER pollution; BIOMPHALARIA; NUCLEAR membranes; SNAILS; CUPROUS oxide; IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY
- Publication
Desalination & Water Treatment, 2023, Vol 310, p181
- ISSN
1944-3994
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.5004/dwt.2023.29959