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- Title
Fully inkjet-printed paper-based Pb<sup>2+</sup> optodes for water analysis without interference from the chloramine disinfectant.
- Authors
Cui, Yu; Wang, Renjie; Brady, Brock; Wang, Xuewei
- Abstract
We developed a paper-based colorimetric sensor for facile and cost-effective detection of Pb2+ in drinking and environmental water samples. The Pb2+ ion–selective optodes are fabricated by inkjet printing of ionophore, chromoionophore, and ion exchanger on cellulose paper. Pb2+ in water samples induces deprotonation of the pH chromoionophore and changes the optode color, which is acquired and analyzed by a smartphone. The paper-based optode without any plasticizer or polymer has a dynamic range and selectivity comparable to those of traditional optodes using PVC polymer and/or plasticizer. Furthermore, the response time of the plasticizer/polymer-free paper-based optode is much shorter than those of plasticized PVC-based optodes on paper and glass (5 min vs. 15 and 50 min). Moreover, the plasticizer/polymer-free optode preserves the water-wicking capability of porous cellulose paper, allowing for the design of pump-free microfluidic devices. Chloramine, a widely used disinfectant in drinking water, was found to be a strong and generic interference species for heavy metal ion detection via ion-selective optodes. A fully inkjet-printed lateral-flow paper-based device consisting of a sodium thiosulfate–based chloramine elimination zone and a plasticizer/polymer-free sensing zone was designed for Pb2+ detection in tap water disinfected by chloramine. The dynamic range of the Pb2+ sensor may be shifted from the current 10−6 to 10−5 M to lower concentrations by using stronger ionophores, but this work lays a foundation for the design of paper-based heavy metal ion sensors without detrimental interference from disinfectants.
- Subjects
OPTODES; WATER analysis; METAL detectors; MICROFLUIDIC devices; WATER disinfection; METAL ions; DISINFECTION &; disinfectants; WATER chlorination
- Publication
Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2022, Vol 414, Issue 26, p7585
- ISSN
1618-2642
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s00216-022-04286-y