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- Title
Identification of Sex Pheromones and Sex Pheromone Mimics for Two North American Click Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in the Genus <italic>Cardiophorus</italic> Esch.
- Authors
Serrano, Jacqueline M.; Collignon, R. Maxwell; Zou, Yunfan; Millar, Jocelyn G.
- Abstract
To date, all known or suspected pheromones of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) have been identified solely from species native to Europe and Asia; reports of identifications from North American species dating from the 1970s have since proven to be incorrect. While conducting bioassays of pheromones of a longhorned beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), we serendipitously discovered that males of <italic>Cardiophorus tenebrosus</italic> L. and <italic>Cardiophorus edwardsi</italic> Horn were specifically attracted to the cerambycid pheromone fuscumol acetate, (<italic>E</italic>)-6,10-dimethylundeca-5,9-dien-2-yl acetate, suggesting that this compound might also be a sex pheromone for the two <italic>Cardiophorus</italic> species. Further field bioassays and electrophysiological assays with the enantiomers of fuscumol acetate determined that males were specifically attracted by the (<italic>R</italic>)-enantiomer. However, subsequent analyses of extracts of volatiles from female <italic>C. tenebrosus</italic> and <italic>C. edwardsi</italic> showed that the females actually produced a different compound, which was identified as (3<italic>R</italic>,6<italic>E</italic>)-3,7,11-trimethyl-6,10-dodecadienoic acid methyl ester (methyl (3<italic>R</italic>,6<italic>E</italic>)-2,3-dihydrofarnesoate). In field trials, both the racemate and the (<italic>R</italic>)-enantiomer of the pheromone attracted similar numbers of male beetles, suggesting that the (<italic>S</italic>)-enantiomer was not interfering with responses to the insect-produced (<italic>R</italic>)-enantiomer. This report constitutes the first conclusive identification of sex pheromones for any North American click beetle species. Possible reasons for the strong and specific attraction of males to fuscumol acetate, which is markedly different in structure to the actual pheromone, are discussed.
- Subjects
NORTH America; ELATERIDAE; PHEROMONES; INSECT sex attractants; MIMICRY (Biology); METHYL formate; INSECTS
- Publication
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2018, Vol 44, Issue 4, p327
- ISSN
0098-0331
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s10886-018-0940-6