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- Title
Synthesis of Renewable High-Density Fuel with Vanillin and Cyclopentanone Derived from Hemicellulose.
- Authors
Wang, Wei; An, Ling; Qian, Chi; Li, Yanqing; Li, Meiping; Shao, Xianzhao; Ji, Xiaohui; Li, Zhizhou
- Abstract
1,3-bis(cyclohexylmethyl)cyclopentane, a renewable high-density fuel, was first produced in a high overall carbon yield (79.5%) with vanillin and cyclopentanone, which can be derived from biomass. The synthetic route used in this work contains two steps. In the first step, 2,5-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)cyclopentanone was synthesized by aldol condensation of vanillin and cyclopentanone under the catalysis of sulphuric acid. Over the optimized condensation, a high carbon yield (82.6%) of 2,5-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) cyclopentanone was achieved at 80 ºC. In the second step, 2,5-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) cyclopentanone was hydrodeoxygenated over the Pd/HY catalyst in cyclohexane as solvent. High carbon yields of 1,3-bis(cyclohexylmethyl)cyclopentane (96.2%) was obtained. The polycycloalkane mixture as obtained has a density of 0.943 g mL−1 and a freezing point of −35 °C. It can be blended into conventional high-density fuels (e.g., JP-10) for rockets and missile propulsion as a potential application.
- Subjects
ALTERNATIVE fuels; VANILLIN; ALDOL condensation; FREEZING points; SULFURIC acid; HEMICELLULOSE
- Publication
Molecules, 2023, Vol 28, Issue 13, p5029
- ISSN
1420-3049
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/molecules28135029