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- Title
Influenza-like Illness Incidence Is Not Reduced by Influenza Vaccination in a Cohort of Older Adults, Despite Effectively Reducing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Virus Infections.
- Authors
van Beek, Josine; Veenhoven, Reinier H.; Bruin, Jacob P.; van Boxtel, Renée A. J.; de Lange, Marit M. A.; Meijer, Adam; Sanders, Elisabeth A. M.; Rots, Nynke Y.; Luytjes, Willem
- Abstract
<bold>Background: </bold>Data on the relative contribution of influenza virus and other respiratory pathogens to respiratory infections in community-dwelling older adults (≥60 years) are needed.<bold>Methods: </bold>A prospective observational cohort study was performed in the Netherlands during 2 winters. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected during influenza-like illness (ILI) episodes and from controls. Viruses and bacteria were identified by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay and conventional bacterial culture.<bold>Results: </bold>The ILI incidence in the consecutive seasons was 7.2% and 11.6%, and influenza virus caused 18.9% and 34.2% of ILI episodes. Potential pathogen were detected in 80% of the ILI events with influenza virus, coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, and Haemophilus influenzae being the most common. Influenza vaccination reduced influenza virus infection by 73% (95% confidence interval [CI], 26%-90%) and 51% (95% CI, 7%-74%) in ILI patients. However, ILI incidence was similar between vaccinated (7.6% and 10.8%) and nonvaccinated (4.2% and 11.4%) participants in 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, respectively (P > .05).<bold>Conclusions: </bold>Influenza virus is a frequent pathogen in older adults with ILI. Vaccination reduces the number of influenza virus infections but not the overall number of ILI episodes: other pathogens fill the gap. We suggest the existence of a pool of individuals with high susceptibility to respiratory infections.<bold>Clinical Trials Registration: </bold>NTR3386.
- Subjects
NETHERLANDS; INFLUENZA transmission; INFLUENZA treatment; INFLUENZA vaccines; PREVENTION of communicable diseases; VIRUS diseases; DISEASE risk factors; INFLUENZA prevention; INFLUENZA epidemiology; IMMUNIZATION; LONGITUDINAL method; NASOPHARYNX; POLYMERASE chain reaction; RESPIRATORY infections; SEASONS; INDEPENDENT living; DISEASE incidence; PREVENTION; VACCINATION; THERAPEUTICS
- Publication
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2017, Vol 216, Issue 4, p415
- ISSN
0022-1899
- Publication type
journal article
- DOI
10.1093/infdis/jix268