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- Title
Effects of offshore oil exploration and development in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: A three‐decade record for sediment metals.
- Authors
Trefry, John H; Neff, Jerry M
- Abstract
Impacts from oil exploration, development, and production in the Beaufort Sea, Alaska, USA are assessed using concentrations of metals in sediments collected during 2014 to 2015, combined with a large data set for 1985 to 2006. Concentrations of 7 (1980s) or 17 (1999–2015) metals in 423 surface sediments from 134 stations, plus 563 samples from 30 cores were highly variable, primarily as a function of sediment granulometry with naturally greater metals concentrations in fine‐grained, Al‐rich sediment. Metals versus Al correlation plots were used to normalize metals concentrations and identify values significantly above background. Barium, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Pb concentrations were above background, but variable, within 250 m of some offshore sites where drilling occurred between 1981 and 2001; these areas totaled <6 km2 of 11 000 km2 in the total lease area. Random and fixed sampling along the coastal Beaufort Sea from 1985 to 2015 yielded 40 positive anomalies for metals in surface sediments (∼0.8% of 5082 data points). About 85% of the anomalies were from developed areas. Half the anomalies were for the 5 metals found enhanced near drilling sites. No metals concentrations, except As, exceeded accepted sediment quality criteria. Interannual shifts in metals values for surface sediments at inner shelf sites were common and linked to storm‐induced transitions in granulometry; however, metal‐to‐Al ratios were uniform during these shifts. Sediment cores generally recorded centuries of background values, except for As, Fe, and Mn. These 3 metals were naturally enriched in sediments from deeper water (>100 m) via diagenetic remobilization at sediment depths of 5 to 15 cm, upward diffusion, and precipitation in surface oxic layers. Minimal evidence for anthropogenic inputs of metals, except near some exploratory drilling sites, is consistent with extraction of most oil from land or barrier islands in the Alaskan Arctic and restricted offshore activity to date. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:209–223. © 2018 SETAC Key Points: Concentrations of 17 metals in sediments collected from 1985 to 2015 in coastal Beaufort Sea are highly variable as a function of sediment granulometry with naturally higher concentrations in fine‐grained aluminum‐rich sediment.Meaningful identification of spatial trends and sediment contamination for metals required normalization of total metal concentrations to total aluminum.Limited observations of metal contamination (<1% of 5082 data points) in sediments from the coastal Beaufort Sea are consistent with recovery of essentially all Alaskan Arctic oil from land or barrier islands; offshore activity has been limited to date.Sediment cores recorded centuries of background metal concentrations.
- Subjects
BEAUFORT Sea; OFFSHORE oil well drilling; MARINE sediment quality; TRACE metals; SEDIMENTS
- Publication
Integrated Environmental Assessment & Management, 2019, Vol 15, Issue 2, p209
- ISSN
1551-3777
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1002/ieam.4069