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- Title
The Impact of Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis on the Aetiology, Pathogenesis, and Development of Oral Cancer.
- Authors
Talapko, Jasminka; Erić, Suzana; Meštrović, Tomislav; Stipetić, Marinka Mravak; Juzbašić, Martina; Katalinić, Darko; Bekić, Sanja; Muršić, Dora; Flam, Josipa; Belić, Dino; Lešić, Davor; Fureš, Rajko; Markanović, Manda; Škrlec, Ivana
- Abstract
Simple Summary: The problems associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are becoming increasingly apparent. Namely, cancer of the oral cavity is the most common malignant tumor in the head and neck area worldwide. In addition to the usual risk factors for the development of OSCC, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, recent research has shifted its focus to the oral cavity microbiome, specifically dysbiosis. Numerous studies have concluded that disrupting the eubiosis of the oral cavity promotes the growth of oral pathogens, which, through their virulence factors and manifold pathogenicity factors, lead to inflammatory conditions that can damage tissue cells, potentially leading to cancer development. From an aetiological point of view, these pathogens can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common head and neck cancer. Although the oral cavity is an easily accessible area for visual examination, the OSCC is more often detected at an advanced stage. The global prevalence of OSCC is around 6%, with increasing trends posing a significant health problem due to the increase in morbidity and mortality. The oral cavity microbiome has been the target of numerous studies, with findings highlighting the significant role of dysbiosis in developing OSCC. Dysbiosis can significantly increase pathobionts (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) that trigger inflammation through their virulence and pathogenicity factors. In contrast, chronic bacterial inflammation contributes to the development of OSCC. Pathobionts also have other effects, such as the impact on the immune system, which can alter immune responses and contribute to a pro-inflammatory environment. Poor oral hygiene and carbohydrate-rich foods can also increase the risk of developing oral cancer. The risk factors and mechanisms of OSCC development are not yet fully understood and remain a frequent research topic. For this reason, this narrative review concentrates on the issue of dysbiosis as the potential cause of OSCC, as well as the underlying mechanisms involved.
- Subjects
ORAL microbiology; SQUAMOUS cell carcinoma; RISK assessment; PHENOMENOLOGICAL biology; MOUTH tumors; HEAD &; neck cancer; HUMAN microbiota; ORAL hygiene; IMMUNE system; MICROBIOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; ORAL health; DISEASE risk factors
- Publication
Cancers, 2024, Vol 16, Issue 17, p2997
- ISSN
2072-6694
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/cancers16172997