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- Title
Rapid and Effective Vitamin D Supplementation May Present Better Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Patients by Altering Serum INOS1, IL1B, IFNg, Cathelicidin-LL37, and ICAM1.
- Authors
Gönen, Mustafa Sait; Alaylıoğlu, Merve; Durcan, Emre; Özdemir, Yusuf; Şahin, Serdar; Konukoğlu, Dildar; Nohut, Okan Kadir; Ürkmez, Seval; Küçükece, Berna; Balkan, İlker İnanç; Kara, H. Volkan; Börekçi, Şermin; Özkaya, Hande; Kutlubay, Zekayi; Dikmen, Yalım; Keskindemirci, Yılmaz; Karras, Spyridon N.; Annweiler, Cedric; Gezen-Ak, Duygu; Dursun, Erdinç
- Abstract
Background: We aimed to establish an acute treatment protocol to increase serum vitamin D, evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin D3 supplementation, and reveal the potential mechanisms in COVID-19. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 867 COVID-19 cases. Then, a prospective study was conducted, including 23 healthy individuals and 210 cases. A total of 163 cases had vitamin D supplementation, and 95 were followed for 14 days. Clinical outcomes, routine blood biomarkers, serum levels of vitamin D metabolism, and action mechanism-related parameters were evaluated. Results: Our treatment protocol increased the serum 25OHD levels significantly to above 30 ng/mL within two weeks. COVID-19 cases (no comorbidities, no vitamin D treatment, 25OHD <30 ng/mL) had 1.9-fold increased risk of having hospitalization longer than 8 days compared with the cases with comorbidities and vitamin D treatment. Having vitamin D treatment decreased the mortality rate by 2.14 times. The correlation analysis of specific serum biomarkers with 25OHD indicated that the vitamin D action in COVID-19 might involve regulation of INOS1, IL1B, IFNg, cathelicidin-LL37, and ICAM1. Conclusions: Vitamin D treatment shortened hospital stay and decreased mortality in COVID-19 cases, even in the existence of comorbidities. Vitamin D supplementation is effective on various target parameters; therefore, it is essential for COVID-19 treatment.
- Subjects
COVID-19; CATHELICIDINS; CHOLECALCIFEROL; INTERLEUKIN-1; RETROSPECTIVE studies; VITAMIN D; DIETARY supplements; TREATMENT effectiveness; LONGITUDINAL method
- Publication
Nutrients, 2021, Vol 13, Issue 11, p4047
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu13114047