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- Title
Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients.
- Authors
Ahmed, Naveed; Khan, Madiha; Saleem, Waqas; Karobari, Mohmed Isaqali; Mohamed, Roshan Noor; Heboyan, Artak; Rabaan, Ali A.; Mutair, Abbas Al; Alhumaid, Saad; Alsadiq, Salman A.; Bueid, Ahmed S.; Santali, Eman Y.; Alestad, Jeehan H.
- Abstract
In addition to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, bacterial co-infection plays an essential role in the incidence and progression of SARS-CoV-2 infections by increasing the severity of infection, as well as increasing disease symptoms, death rate and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The current study was conducted in a tertiary-care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan, among hospitalized COVID-19 patients to see the prevalence of bacterial co-infections and the AMR rates among different isolated bacteria. Clinical samples for the laboratory diagnosis were collected from 1165 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, of which 423 were found to be positive for various bacterial infections. Most of the isolated bacteria were Gram-negative rods (n = 366), followed by Gram-positive cocci (n = 57). A significant association (p < 0.05) was noted between the hospitalized COVID-19 patients and bacterial co-infections. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) showed high resistance against tetracycline (61.7%), Streptococcus pyogenes against penicillin (100%), E. coli against Amp-clavulanic acid (88.72%), Klebsiella pneumoniae against ampicillin (100%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa against ciprofloxacin (75.40%). Acinetobacter baumannii was 100% resistant to the majority of tested antibiotics. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was 14.7%. The topmost symptoms of >50% of COVID-19 patients were fever, fatigue, dyspnea and chest pain with a significant association (p < 0.05) in bacterial co-infected patients. The current study results showed a comparatively high prevalence of AMR, which may become a severe health-related issue in the future. Therefore, strict compliance of antibiotic usage and employment of antibiotic stewardship programs at every public or private institutional level are recommended.
- Subjects
LAHORE (Pakistan); COVID-19; DRUG resistance in bacteria; SYMPTOMS; BACTERIAL diseases; STREPTOCOCCUS pyogenes; CHEST pain; INFECTION
- Publication
Antibiotics (2079-6382), 2022, Vol 11, Issue 2, p276
- ISSN
2079-6382
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/antibiotics11020276