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- Title
Mitigating Feelings of Loneliness and Depression by Means of Web-Based or Print-Based Physical Activity Interventions: Pooled Analysis of 2 Community-Based Intervention Trials.
- Authors
Lippke, Sonia; Ratz, Tiara; Keller, Franziska Maria; Juljugin, Dennis; Peters, Manuela; Pischke, Claudia; Voelcker-Rehage, Claudia
- Abstract
Background: Physical activity (PA) is associated with benefits, such as fewer depressive symptoms and loneliness. Web- and print-based PA interventions can help older individuals accordingly. Objective: We aimed to test the following research questions: Do PA interventions delivered in a web- or print-based mode improve self-reported PA stage of change, social-cognitive determinants of PA, loneliness, and symptoms of depression? Is subjective age a mediator and stage of change a moderator of this effect? Methods: Overall, 831 adults aged =60 years were recruited and either allocated to a print-based or web-based intervention group or assigned to a wait-list control group (WLCG) in 2 community-based PA intervention trials over 10 weeks. Missing value imputation using an expectation-maximization algorithm was applied. Frequency analyses, multivariate analyses of variance, and moderated mediation analyses were conducted. Results: The web-based intervention outperformed (47/59, 80% of initially inactive individuals being adopters, and 396/411, 96.4% of initially active individuals being maintainers of the recommended PA behavior) the print-based intervention (20/25, 80% of adopters, and 63/69, 91% of maintainers) and the WLCG (5/7, 71% of adopters; 141/150, 94% of maintainers). The pattern regarding adopters was statistically significant (web vs print Z=-1.94; P=.02; WLCG vs web Z=3.8367; P=.01). The pattern was replicated with stages (χ²4=79.1; P<.001; contingency coefficient 0.314; P<.001); in the WLCG, 40.1% (63/157) of the study participants moved to or remained in action stage. This number was higher in the groups receiving web-based (357/470, 76%) or print-based interventions (64/94, 68.1%). A significant difference was observed favoring the 2 intervention groups over and above the WLCG (F19, 701=4.778; P<.001; η²=0.098) and a significant interaction of time and group (F19, 701=2.778; P<.001; η²=0.070) for predictors of behavior. The effects of the interventions on subjective age, loneliness, and depression revealed that both between-group effects (F3, 717=8.668; P<.001; η²=0.018) and the interaction between group and time were significant (F3,717=6.101; P<.001; η²=0.025). In a moderated mediation model, both interventions had a significant direct effect on depression in comparison with the WLCG (web-based: c' path -0.86, 95% CI -1.58 to -0.13, SE 0.38; print-based: c' path -1.96, 95% CI -2.99 to -0.92, SE 0.53). Furthermore, subjective age was positively related to depression (b path 0.14, 95% CI 0.05-0.23; SE 0.05). An indirect effect of the intervention on depression via subjective age was only present for participants who were in actor stage and received the web-based intervention (ab path -0.14, 95% CI -0.34 to -0.01; SE 0.09). Conclusions: Web-based interventions appear to be as effective as print-based interventions. Both modes might help older individuals remain or become active and experience fewer depression symptoms, especially if they feel younger.
- Subjects
LONELINESS; MENTAL depression; PHYSICAL activity; MOBILE health; AGING
- Publication
JMIR Aging, 2022, Vol 5, Issue 3, p1
- ISSN
2561-7605
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.2196/36515