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- Title
Tumour necrosis factor-α and the failing heart: Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications.
- Authors
von Haehling, Stephan; Jankowska, Ewa A.; Anker, Stefan D.
- Abstract
Immune activation plays a significant role in the development and progression of chronic heart failure (CHF). Indeed, pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) are activated in this condition and exert direct detrimental actions on the myocardium. Physiological dampeners of TNFα production, such as interleukin-10, catecholamines, cortisol, and others fail in the course of the disease. However, the outcomes of two large-scale clinical trials with etanercept and infliximab, which directly antagonise TNFα have been rather disappointing. Nevertheless, TNFα antagonism remains a major target of CHF therapy, although counterbalancing this cytokine alone may not be sufficient.
- Subjects
HEART failure; TUMOR necrosis factors; MYOCARDIUM; INTERLEUKIN-10; CATECHOLAMINES; HYDROCORTISONE; CYTOKINES
- Publication
Basic Research in Cardiology, 2004, Vol 99, Issue 1, p18
- ISSN
0300-8428
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s00395-003-0433-8