We found a match
Your institution may have access to this item. Find your institution then sign in to continue.
- Title
Effects of Smart Drugs on Cholinergic System and Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine in the Mouse Hippocampus: Histopathological Approach.
- Authors
Satoh, Ryusei; Kawakami, Kiyoharu; Nakadate, Kazuhiko
- Abstract
In recent years, people in the United States and other countries have been using smart drugs, called nootropic or cognitive enhancers, to improve concentration and memory learning skills. However, these drugs were originally prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and dementia, and their efficacy in healthy people has not yet been established. We focused on acetylcholine in the hippocampus, which is responsible for memory learning, and elucidate the long-term effects of smart drugs on the neural circuits. Smart drugs were administered orally in normal young mice for seven weeks. The hippocampus was sectioned and compared histologically by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry for acetylcholine, and immunoelectron microscopy. There were no significant changes in acetylcholinesterase staining. However, in HE, we found perivascular edema, and choline acetyltransferase staining showed increased staining throughout the hippocampus and new signal induction in the perivascular area in the CA3, especially in the aniracetam and α-glyceryl phosphoryl choline group. Additionally, new muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signals were observed in the CA1 due to smart drug intake, suggesting that vasodilation might cause neuronal activation by increasing the influx of nutrients and oxygen. Moreover, these results suggest a possible new mechanism of acetylcholine-mediated neural circuit activation by smart drug intake.
- Subjects
UNITED States; PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC agents; CHOLINERGIC mechanisms; ACETYLCHOLINE; MUSCARINIC acetylcholine receptors; NOOTROPIC agents
- Publication
Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2022, Vol 11, Issue 12, p3310
- ISSN
2077-0383
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/jcm11123310