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- Title
Biodegradation of Concentrated Benzoic Acid Using White-Rot Fungus Hypocrea lixii AH.
- Authors
He, Huan; Zhang, Qian; Tang, Long-Fei; Shi, Kai-Yi; Hong, Fen-Fen; Tao, Xiu-Xiang; Ali, Muhammad Ishtiaq; Urynowicz, Michael; Huang, Zaixing
- Abstract
Benzoic acid (BA) is potentially toxic to humans and recalcitrant in the environment. Although it may be degraded by fungi, potential degradation pathways has received limited study. In the present work, concentrated BA degradation by Hypocrea lixii AH, a type of soil-borne or wood-decaying fungi, was investigated. The degradation products were characterized by UV-vis, Fourier transform-infra red (FT-IR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and the degradation routes were evaluated with a quantum mechanical method. Results showed that up to 29% of the BA could be degraded by H. lixii AH with lignin peroxidase (LiP) and laccase (Lac) playing a central role. FT-IR results showed that the degradation mechanism involved cleavage of the benzene ring and removal of the carboxyl group to form aliphatic alkenes. GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of alkanes, esters, and carboxylic acid in the final products. Using quantum mechanical analysis, it appears that BA is reduced to benzoic alcohol through electrophilic attack by the hydroxyl group on the para- and meta-carbons in the benzene ring. The attack by LiP and Lac may also render the C–C bonds adjacent to substituents (C3–C4, C4–C5) in the benzene ring prone to cleavage.
- Subjects
BENZOATES; WOOD-decaying fungi; BIODEGRADATION; CARBOXYL group; CARBOXYLIC acids; BENZOIC acid
- Publication
Environmental Engineering Science, 2020, Vol 37, Issue 7, p482
- ISSN
1092-8758
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1089/ees.2019.0477