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- Title
Effects of surfactants on microwave-assisted solid-state intercalation of poly(carbazole) in Bentonite.
- Authors
Riaz, Ufana; Ashraf, S.; Khan, Nisha
- Abstract
The present preliminary investigation reports, for the first time, the effects of typical cationic and anionic surfactants on the microwave-assisted solid-state intercalation and polymerization of carbazole (Cz) in the basal spacings of Bentonite. The intercalation of cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPCl), a cationic surfactant, and naphthalene sulfonic acid (NSA), an anionic surfactant, in Bentonite was carried out at two loadings-25 and 50 wt%-using microwave irradiation. The in situ polymerization of Cz was successfully carried out into the surfactant-modified galleries of Bentonite. This was confirmed by Gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The intercalation of poly(carbazole) (PCz) was confirmed by FT-IR, UV-Visible, and XRD analyses. Although polymerization was carried out in the solid-state, the UV-Visible spectra revealed the doped state of PCz and the presence of a charge carrier tail. The XRD studies showed that the increase in the height of the galleries was higher in case of Bentonite/CPCl/PCz nanocomposites as compared to Bentonite/NSA/PCz nanocomposites. It also revealed different orientations of the two surfactants in the galleries of the clay. The average particle size of Bentonite/CPCl/PCz (1:0.25:0.25) and (1:0.5:0.5) nanocomposites was found to be in the range of 25-35 and 50-60 nm, respectively. The Bentonite/NSA/PCz (1:0.25:0.25) and (1:0.5:0.5) nanocomposites showed the average particle size in the range of 20-30 nm and 40-50 nm, respectively. The results revealed that both cationic and anionic surfactants strongly influenced the morphology of Bentonite/PCz nanocomposites. The difference in the mechanisms of solid-state intercalation of PCz in the presence of these surfactants has been proposed.
- Subjects
SOLID state chemistry; ANIONIC surfactants; CLATHRATE compounds; CARBAZOLE; BENTONITE; POLYMERIZATION; MICROWAVES; NANOCOMPOSITE materials; PARTICLE size distribution
- Publication
Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2011, Vol 13, Issue 12, p6321
- ISSN
1388-0764
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s11051-011-0611-9