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- Title
Assessing Yellow Fever Risk in the Ecuadorian Amazon.
- Authors
Izurieta, Ricardo O.; Macaluso, Maurizio; Watts, Douglas M.; Tesh, Robert B.; Guerra, Bolivar; Cruz, Ligia M.; Galwankar, Sagar; Vermund, Sten H.
- Abstract
This study reports results of a cross-sectional study based on interviews and seroepidemiological methods to identify risk factors for yellow fever infection among personnel of a military garrison in the Amazonian rainforest. Clinical symptoms and signs observed among yellow fever cases are also described. Humoral immune response to yellow fever, Mayaro, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Oropouche, and dengue 2 infection was assessed by evaluating IgM and IgG specific antibodies. A yellow fever attack rate of 13% (44/341, with 3 fatal cases) was observed among military personnel. Signs of digestive track bleeding (14.6%) and hematuria (4.9%) were observed among the yellow fever cases. In 32.2% of the cases, we measured high levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase with maximum levels of 6,830 and 3,500, respectively. Signs of bleeding or jaundice were observed in some cases, and high levels of transaminases were seen. The epidemiological and laboratory investigations demonstrated that the military personnel were affected by a yellow fever outbreak. The association between clearing the rainforest and also being at the detachments with yellow fever infection confirms that clearing is the main factor in the jungle model of transmission, which takes place deep in the Amazonian rainforest.
- Subjects
AMAZON River Region; ECUADOR; YELLOW fever; HEALTH of military personnel; IMMUNE response; VENEZUELAN equine encephalomyelitis; HEMATURIA; AMINOTRANSFERASES; JAUNDICE; HEMORRHAGE; RAIN forests
- Publication
Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 2009, Vol 1, Issue 1, p7
- ISSN
0974-777X
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.4103/0974-777X.49188