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- Title
Depth of invasion, tumor budding, and worst pattern of invasion: Prognostic indicators in early-stage oral tongue cancer.
- Authors
Almangush, Alhadi; Bello, Ibrahim O.; Keski–Säntti, Harri; Mäkinen, Laura K.; Kauppila, Joonas H.; Pukkila, Matti; Hagström, Jaana; Laranne, Jussi; Tommola, Satu; Nieminen, Outi; Soini, Ylermi; Kosma, Veli‐Matti; Koivunen, Petri; Grénman, Reidar; Leivo, Ilmo; Salo, Tuula
- Abstract
Background Oral (mobile) tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is characterized by a highly variable prognosis in early-stage disease (T1/T2 N0M0). The ability to classify early oral tongue SCCs into low-risk and high-risk categories would represent a major advancement in their management. Methods Depth of invasion, tumor budding, histologic risk-assessment score (HRS), and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) density were studied in 233 cases of T1/T2 N0M0 oral tongue SCC managed in 5 university hospitals in Finland. Results Tumor budding (≥5 clusters at the invasive front of the tumor) and depth of invasion (≥4 mm) were associated with poor prognosis in patients with early oral tongue SCC (hazard ratio [HR], 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-3.55; HR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.25-5.20, respectively) after multivariate analysis. The HRS and CAF density did not predict survival. However, high-risk worst pattern of invasion (WPOI), a component of HRS, was also an independent prognostic factor (HR, 4.47; 95% CI, 1.59-12.51). Conclusion Analyzing the depth of invasion, tumor budding, and/or WPOI in prognostication and treatment planning of T1/T2 N0M0 oral tongue SCC is recommended. © 2013 The Authors. Head Neck 36: 811-818, 2014
- Subjects
TONGUE cancer; SQUAMOUS cell carcinoma; TUMORS; FIBROBLASTS; CONFIDENCE intervals; MULTIVARIATE analysis
- Publication
Head & Neck, 2014, Vol 36, Issue 6, p811
- ISSN
1043-3074
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1002/hed.23380