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- Title
Men's Discomfort and Anticipated Sexual Misclassification Due to Counter-Stereotypical Behaviors: the Interplay between Traditional Masculinity Norms and Perceived Men's Femininization.
- Authors
Borinca, Islam; Iacoviello, Vincenzo; Valsecchi, Giulia
- Abstract
The present research examines men's self-conscious discomfort while imagining performing counter-stereotypical (traditionally feminine) behaviors as compared to stereotypical (traditionally masculine) behaviors, as a function of traditional masculinity endorsement and perceived social changes in men's gender norms (men's feminization) in two distinct cultural populations (U.S. Americans and Kosovan Albanians). Experiment 1 (n = 192, U.S.) confirmed prior findings by showing that men, as compared to women, experienced more self-conscious discomfort when imagining performing counter-stereotypical (vs. stereotypical) behaviors. Experiments 2 (n = 292, U.S.) and 3 (n = 191, Kosovo) focused solely on heterosexual men and experimentally manipulated perceived social changes in men's gender norms. Results showed that the men's feminization condition, as compared to a control or masculinity conditions, decreased self-conscious discomfort when imagining performing feminine behaviors among men who endorsed a lower versus higher level of traditional masculinity. Experiment 3 further indicated that this effect was driven by lowered expectations of being misclassified as gay. We discuss the relevance of these findings for both the gender and sexual prejudice literature.
- Subjects
DISCOMFORT glare; GENDER stereotypes; SELF-consciousness (Awareness); SEXUAL orientation; MASCULINITY; FEMININITY; SOCIAL norms; HETEROSEXUAL men
- Publication
Sex Roles, 2021, Vol 85, Issue 3/4, p128
- ISSN
0360-0025
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s11199-020-01210-5