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- Title
Progress in Understanding the Role and Therapeutic Targets of Polarized Subtypes of Macrophages in Pulmonary Fibrosis.
- Authors
Sun, Yan; Xu, Hao; Lu, Tang; Li, Tong; Wang, Yaqi; Fan, Xinting; Jiang, Yuanyuan; Cai, Meihan; He, Peishuang; Liu, Jun
- Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis represents the advanced phase of diverse pulmonary ailments, and at present, a definitive cure for these ailments is lacking. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms causative of these ailments remain elusive. Macrophages are immune cells that resist external stimuli in the early stages after birth. These cells can polarize into the classically (M1) and alternatively (M2) activated macrophages. When stimulated owing to the presence of toxic factors, M1 macrophages produce several pro-inflammatory factors, which mediate the inflammatory injury response of the alveolar tissue. The secretion of diverse growth factors by M2 macrophages contributes to the pathogenesis of aberrant alveolar structural fibrosis and remodeling. The abnormal activity of M2 macrophages is considered a critical factor in the formation of pulmonary fibrosis. In this mini-review, to highlight the clinical implications of research studies, we summarize the role and therapeutic targets of polarized subtypes of macrophages in pulmonary fibrosis and the role of targeting macrophages for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Highlights: M1-type macrophages and M2-type macrophages can transform into each other. M1-type macrophages participate in the early stage of pulmonary fibrosis by producing inflammatory cytokines, ROS and MMP. M2-type macrophages mediate abnormal alveolar tissue repair and tissue remodeling through the production of TGF-β, FGF, and exosomes. Three therapeutic ideas were summarized in this paper: inhibition of the number and activity of lung macrophages, inhibition of M2-type macrophage polarization, inhibition of TGF-β expression and its signalling pathway.
- Subjects
PULMONARY fibrosis; MACROPHAGES; DRUG target; TISSUE remodeling; GROWTH factors
- Publication
Cell Biochemistry & Biophysics, 2023, Vol 81, Issue 4, p673
- ISSN
1085-9195
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s12013-023-01182-9