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- Title
Early introduction of root vegetables in infancy associated with advanced ß-cell autoimmunity in young children with human leukocyte antigen-conferred susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes.
- Authors
Virtanen, S. M.; Takkinen, H.-M.; Nevalainen, J.; Kronberg-Kippilä, C.; Salmenhaara, M.; Uusitalo, L.; Kenward, M. G.; Erkkola, M.; Veijola, R.; Simell, O.; Ilonen, J.; Knip, M.
- Abstract
Aims Early introduction of supplementary foods has been implicated to play a role in the development of β-cell autoimmunity. We set out to study the effects of breastfeeding and age at introduction of supplementary foods on the development of β-cell autoimmunity. Methods Aprospective birth cohort of 6069 infants with HLA-DQB-conferred susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes was recruited between 1996 and 2004. Antibodies against islet cells, insulin, glutamate dehydroxylase and islet antigen 2 were measured at 3- to 12-month intervals. The families recorded at home the age at introduction of new foods and, for each visit, completed a structured dietary questionnaire. The endpoint was repeated positivity for islet cell antibodies plus at least one other antibody and / or clinical Type 1 diabetes (n = 265). Results Early introduction of root vegetables (by the age of 4 months) was related to increased risk of developing positivity for the endpoint [hazard ratio (95% CI) for the earliest third 1.75 (1.11-2.75) and for the middle third 1.79 (1.22-2.62) compared with the last third (> 4 months), likelihood ratio test P = 0.006], independently of the introduction of other foods and of several putative socio-demographic and perinatal confounding factors. Introducing wheat, rye, oats and / or barley cereals (P = 0.013) and egg (P = 0.031) early was related to an increased risk of the endpoint, but only during the first 3 years of life. Conclusions Early introduction of root vegetables during infancy is independently associated with increased risk of β-cell autoimmunity among Finnish children with increased genetic susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes.
- Subjects
FINLAND; AUTOIMMUNE diseases; GENETICS of diabetes; DIABETES risk factors; CONFIDENCE intervals; DIET; GENES; GRAIN; HOSPITALS; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; LEUCOCYTES; LONGITUDINAL method; REGRESSION analysis; RESEARCH funding; VEGETABLES; CHILDREN; DISEASE risk factors
- Publication
Diabetic Medicine, 2011, Vol 28, Issue 8, p965
- ISSN
0742-3071
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03294.x