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- Title
Hypospadias and Endocrine Disruption: Is There a Connection?
- Authors
Baskin, Laurence S.; Himes, Katherine; Colborn, Theo
- Abstract
Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in the United States, occurring in approximately 1 in 250 newborns or roughly 1 in 125 live male births. It is the result of arrested development of the urethra, foreskin, and ventral surface of the penis where the urethral opening may be anywhere along the shaft, within the scrotum, or in the perineum. The only treatment is surgery. Thus, prevention is imperative. To accomplish this, it is necessary to determine the etiology of hypospadias, the majority of which have been classified as idiopathic. In this paper we briefly describe the normal development of the male external genitalia and review the prevalence, etiology, risk factors, and epidemiology of hypospadias. The majority of hypospadias are believed to have a multifactorial etiology, although a small percentage do result from single gene mutations. Recent findings suggest that some hypospadias could be the result of disrupted gene expression. Discoveries about the antiandrogenic mechanisms of action of some contemporary-use chemicals have provided new knowledge about the organization and development of the urogenital system and may provide additional insight into the etiology of hypospadias and direction for prevention. Key words: antiandrogens, differentiation, external genitalia, gene expression, urogenital development. Environ Health Perspect 109:1175-1183 (2001). [Online 7 November 2001] http.//ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2001/109p1175-1183baskin/abs tract.html
- Subjects
UNITED States; HYPOSPADIAS; ENDOCRINE glands; MALE reproductive organs; GENITOURINARY organs
- Publication
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2001, Vol 109, Issue 11, p1175
- ISSN
0091-6765
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1289/ehp.011091175