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- Title
Effect of open-air fumigation with sulphur dioxide and ozone on phyllosphere and endophytic fungi of conifer needles.
- Authors
Magan, N.; Kirkwood, I. A.; Mcleod, A. W.; Smith, M. K.
- Abstract
The phyllosphere microbial populations inhabiting the needles of three conifer species, Scots poine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em> L.), Sitka spruce (<em>Picea Sitchensis</em> L.) and Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em> (L.) Karst.), exposed to SO2 and O3 in an open-air fumigation experiment were analysed over a 3 year period using serial dilution after washing , direct plating and a fluorescein diacetate (FDA) enzyme assay. Total fungal populations ranged from 102 to a105 colony forming units (CFU) g-1 fresh weight of needles. The dominant fungi isolated from needles varied with tree species and isolation technique; <em>Aureobasidium pullulans</em> (de Bary) Arnaud was most common on Scots pine and Norway spruce and white yeasts on Sitka spruce using the dilution plating method. However, direct plating of needle segments onto culture media indicated that <em>Sclerophoma pythiophila</em> (Corda) Hohnel was dominant on Scots pine and A. pullulans on Sitka and Norway spruce. Green needles of Sitka spruce were found to be endophytically colonized by <em>Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii</em> Bubak, but seldom by <em>Lophodermium piceae</em> (Fuckel) Hohn during extensive sampling in 1990. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences (<em>P</em><0.05) between plots in the 3 year mean of the total fungal populations or the gungal biomass (FDA assay) on all three tree species. Differences between plots were also observed for a number of dominant component species. Data were also analysed for treatment effects. A significant effect of SO2 treatment was observed on the total fungal populations on Sitka spruce (<em>P</em><0.05). The FDA activity on needles of both Scots pine and Sitka spruce was noticeably higher in the O3-only treatment plot, but the overall O3 effect was not significant. Treatment effects were also detected on the occurrence of component species. The serial dilution method revealed and SO2 effect (<em>P</em><0.05) of a reduction in the occurrence of pink yeasts in the occurrence of S. pythiophila on Sitka spruce (<em>P</em><0.01) but a decrease of <em>Epicoccum migrum</em> Link and <em>Cladosporium</em> spp. on Scots pine. The direct-plating method revealed an SO2 effect of an increase in <em>S. pythiophila</em> on Norway spruce (<em>P</em><0.05). Ozone treatment caused a significant increase in the isolation of a black strain of <em>A. pullulans</em> on Norway spruce (<em>P</em><0.05). Endophytic colonization of Sitka spruce needles by <em>R. kalkhoffii</em> was found to be increased to two occasions by O3 exposure.
- Subjects
FUMIGATION; FUNGI; SULFUR dioxide; SULFUR oxides; OZONE; ENDOPHYTIC fungi
- Publication
Plant, Cell & Environment, 1995, Vol 18, Issue 3, p291
- ISSN
0140-7791
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00364.x