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- Title
STATISTICAL PREDICTION OF FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION IN GROUNDWATER OF DISTRICT MULTAN, PAKISTAN, USING KRIGING METHODS.
- Authors
Ahmad, Maqsood; Mustafa, Ghulam; Ali, Nasir; Laiq, Muhammad
- Abstract
Fresh drinking water ensures healthy life while contaminated water causes waterborne diseases and other detrimental health impacts. This study evaluated the spatial distribution of fluoride and some other significant water quality parameters (WQPs). Hydrological spatial data of 127 water samples collected from district Multan were tested for 12 WQPs including fluoride which is among those chemicals which affect the health of the human beings and provides destructive as well as protecting impacts on the teeth. For the analysis, initially, descriptive statistical measures are computed along with normality tests. Due to multivariate nature of data, multivariate correlation analysis, cluster and factor analysis are considered to group the relatively aligned variables. Eight significant WQPs selected by cluster and factor analysis are further processed for the coregionalization where the distance based pairwise association was evaluated. Fluoride showed a relatively week distance based association with rest of the seven WQPs as compared to total dissolved solids (TDS). The parameters of the variogram model estimated by Restricted maximum likelihood, Weighted least square and Maximum likelihood estimation are compared on the basis of root mean square error and are considered in the final cokriging estimation. As suggested in literature, we considered the TDS as primary WQP while rest of the WQPs as secondary variables in the cokriging estimation. Finally, the prediction results are processed for the contour plots which showed the estimation of unmeasured location. Results showed that the area between longitude 71.2°-71.5° and latitude 29.5°-29.8° has relatively more contamination in drinking water of district Multan which is alarming and suggests that special care of fluoride levels in drinking water is required for health policies.
- Subjects
MULTAN (Pakistan); VARIOGRAMS; KRIGING; STANDARD deviations; WATER pollution; MAXIMUM likelihood statistics; GROUNDWATER; STATISTICAL correlation; DENTAL health education; CONTAMINATION of drinking water
- Publication
Fluoride, 2023, Vol 56, Issue 2, p156
- ISSN
0015-4725
- Publication type
Article