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- Title
Sustainable Fish Meal-Free Diets for Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata): Integrated Biomarker Response to Assess the Effects on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, Antioxidant Defense and Immunological Status.
- Authors
Fernandes, Ana M.; Calduch-Giner, Josep Àlvar; Pereira, Gabriella V.; Gonçalves, Ana Teresa; Dias, Jorge; Johansen, Johan; Silva, Tomé; Naya-Català, Fernando; Piazzon, Carla; Sitjà-Bobadilla, Ariadna; Costas, Benjamin; Conceição, Luís E. C.; Fernandes, Jorge M. O.; Pérez-Sánchez, Jaume
- Abstract
Simple Summary: The present study shows how different combinations of eco-efficient ingredients can be considered reliable solutions for European aquaculture production. For this purpose, three different formulations were designed and tested in a 77-day gilthead sea bream trial. All diets supported similar growth rates, but the diet without poultry meal and processed animal proteins as the main fish meal replacer (NOPAP diet) shaped better nutrient utilization with an overall improvement of biomarkers of physiological condition. Such an integrative approach contributes to better understanding of what could be the best and least-cost feed formulation for an effective balance of sustainability and aquaculture profitability in a scenario of intensive aquaculture production and limited availability of marine feed ingredients for fish production. The growth of the aquaculture industry requires more sustainable and circular economy-driven aquafeed formulas. Thus, the goal of the present study was to assess in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) how different combinations of novel and conventional fish feed ingredients supported proper animal performance in terms of growth and physiological biomarkers of blood/liver/head kidney. A 77-day feeding trial was conducted with three experimental diets (PAP, with terrestrial processed animal protein from animal by-products; NOPAP, without processed animal protein from terrestrial animal by-products; MIX, a combination of alternative ingredients of PAP and NOPAP diets) and a commercial-type formulation (CTRL), and their effects on growth performance and markers of endocrine growth regulation, lipid metabolism, antioxidant defense and inflammatory condition were assessed at circulatory and tissue level (liver, head kidney). Growth performance was similar among all dietary treatments. However, fish fed the PAP diet displayed a lower feed conversion and protein efficiency, with intermediate values in MIX-fed fish. Such gradual variation in growth performance was supported by different biomarker signatures that delineated a lower risk of oxidation and inflammatory condition in NOPAP fish, in concurrence with an enhanced hepatic lipogenesis that did not represent a risk of lipoid liver degeneration.
- Subjects
SPARUS aurata; FEED utilization efficiency; SUSTAINABLE aquaculture; FISH meal; BIOMARKERS; FISH feeds
- Publication
Animals (2076-2615), 2024, Vol 14, Issue 15, p2166
- ISSN
2076-2615
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/ani14152166