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- Title
Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontitis: A Forgotten Enemy Behind COVID-19 Pandemic.
- Authors
Utomo, Haryono; Wijaksana, I. Komang Evan; Prahasanti, Chiquita
- Abstract
Introduction: Theories or hypotheses regarding the connection between COVID-19 and periodontal disease are increasing during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 has been reported to have adverse outcomes related to the establishment of a cytokine storm, which is similar to the cytokine expression profile and cells involved in periodontitis. Nevertheless, the exact etiology why cytokine storm is vulnerable in COVID-19 as well as periodontitis still not clearly understood. The hypothesis: Recently, the phenomenon of angry macrophages can be explained by M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Periodontitis patients that harbored Porphyromonas gingivalis have a greater M1/M2 ratio than healthy patients, thus have more active M1 macrophages that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesize that periodontal disease could be a burden in defense mechanism toward infectious diseases, particularly the COVID-19. Evaluation of the Hypothesis: Endotoxin tolerance caused by P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharides shifts immune response from T helper (Th)-1 toward Th2, which leads to a less effective antivirus system. This mechanism may explain the connection between COVID-19 and periodontal disease through their cytokine profiles, microbial balance, and M1/M2 homeostasis. Recommendation for maintenance of oral hygiene and periodontal treatment is mandatory in the COVID era.
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic; PORPHYROMONAS gingivalis; PERIODONTITIS; COVID-19; CYTOKINE release syndrome
- Publication
Dental Hypotheses, 2021, Vol 12, Issue 1, p28
- ISSN
2155-8213
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.4103/denthyp.denthyp_95_20