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- Title
Hookah smoking is strongly associated with diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and obesity: a population-based study.
- Authors
Saffar Soflaei, Sara; Darroudi, Susan; Tayefi, Maryam; Nosrati Tirkani, Abolfazl; Moohebati, Mohsen; Ebrahimi, Mahmoud; Esmaily, Habibollah; Parizadeh, Seyed Mohammad Reza; Heidari-Bakavoli, Ali Reza; Ferns, Gordon A.; Ghayour-Mobarhan, Majid
- Abstract
Objectives: The adverse effects of cigarette smoking have been widely studied before, whilst the effects of hookah smoking has received less attention, although it is a common habit in the Middle East. Here we have investigated the effects of cigarette and hookah smoking on biochemical characteristics in a representative population sample derived from the Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder (MASHAD) cohort study, from Northeastern Iran. Study design: A total of 9840 subjects from the MASHAD population study were allocated to five groups; non-smokers (6742), ex-smokers (976), cigarette smokers (864), hookah smokers (1067), concomitant cigarette and hookah smokers (41). Methods: Baseline characteristics were recorded in a questionnaire. Biochemical characteristics were measured by routine methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: After adjustment for age and sex; the presence of CVD, obesity, metabolic syndrome, DM and dyslipidemia were significantly (p < 0.001) related to smoking status. After multivariate analysis, HDL (p < 0.001), WBC (p < 0.001), MCV (p < 0.05), PLT (p < 0.01) and RDW (p < 0.001), and the presence of CVD (p < 0.01), obesity (p < 0.001), metabolic syndrome (p < 0.05) and DM (p < 0.01) remained significant between cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Between hookah smokers and non-smokers; uric acid (p < 0.001), PLT (p < 0.05) and RDW (p < 0.05), and the presence of obesity (p < 0.01), metabolic syndrome (p < 0.001), diabetes (p < 0.01) and dyslipidemia (p < 0.01) remained significant after logistic regression. Conclusion: There was a positive association between hookah smoking and metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia which was not established in cigarette smoking.
- Subjects
SMOKING; TOBACCO pipes; HOOKAHS; DIABETES; METABOLIC syndrome; OBESITY; LOGISTIC regression analysis
- Publication
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 2018, Vol 10, Issue 1, pN.PAG
- ISSN
1758-5996
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1186/s13098-018-0335-4