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- Title
Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination.
- Authors
Almendro-Vázquez, Patricia; Laguna-Goya, Rocio; Ruiz-Ruigomez, Maria; Utrero-Rico, Alberto; Lalueza, Antonio; Maestro de la Calle, Guillermo; Delgado, Pilar; Perez-Ordoño, Luis; Muro, Eva; Vila, Juan; Zamarron, Isabel; Moreno-Batanero, Miguel; Chivite-Lacaba, Marta; Gil-Etayo, Francisco Javier; Martín-Higuera, Carmen; Meléndez-Carmona, María Ángeles; Lumbreras, Carlos; Arellano, Irene; Alarcon, Balbino; Allende, Luis Miguel
- Abstract
The timing of the development of specific adaptive immunity after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its relevance in clinical outcome, has not been characterized in depth. Description of the long-term maintenance of both cellular and humoral responses elicited by real-world anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is still scarce. Here we aimed to understand the development of optimal protective responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We performed an early, longitudinal study of S1-, M- and N-specific IFN-γ and IL-2 T cell immunity and anti-S total and neutralizing antibodies in 88 mild, moderate or severe acute COVID-19 patients. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immunity was also analysed in 234 COVID-19 recovered subjects, 28 uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees and 30 uninfected healthy controls. Upon natural infection, cellular and humoral responses were early and coordinated in mild patients, while weak and inconsistent in severe patients. The S1-specific cellular response measured at hospital arrival was an independent predictive factor against severity. In COVID-19 recovered patients, four to seven months post-infection, cellular immunity was maintained but antibodies and neutralization capacity declined. Finally, a robust Th1-driven immune response was developed in uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees. Three months post-vaccination, the cellular response was comparable, while the humoral response was consistently stronger, to that measured in COVID-19 recovered patients. Thus, measurement of both humoral and cellular responses provides information on prognosis and protection from infection, which may add value for individual and public health recommendations. Author summary: In this work we describe the prognostic value of early detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response in acute COVID-19, as patients without a prompt SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response progress to severe COVID-19. We also show that the presence of specific T cells against SARS-CoV-2 when patients arrive to the emergency room is a protective factor against developing severe COVID-19, independently of the age and gender of the patient, which are two major known contributors to disease outcome. In addition, we show robust cellular and humoral immune responses persist 3 months after real-world vaccination.
- Subjects
NATURAL immunity; CELLULAR immunity; HUMORAL immunity; PROGNOSIS; VACCINATION; IMMUNOGLOBULINS
- Publication
PLoS Pathogens, 2021, Vol 17, Issue 12, p1
- ISSN
1553-7366
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1371/journal.ppat.1010211